Yamaga Sokō and the Book of Changes

Abstract

pdf山鹿素行は、多くの先行研究において、形而上学的言説を批判し、日常重視を主張した思想家とされている。だが、それにより、彼の『易』をめぐる議論が閑却されることが多い。そこで、素行の『易』の論を見てみると、『河図』『洛書』は重視するが、『先天図』『後天図』の方はほとんど取り上げないという特徴がある。それに対し『河図』『洛書』はそれぞれ単一の図で複数の数を表していることから、素行は高い評価を与えている。つまり、素行にとって『易』とは唯一の体系を持ったものなのである。そして、それが「天地」の一なるあり方に対応しているという。素行が『易』の理解を通じて批判しようとしていたのは、人の目から見えることだけから考えることで、「天地」を段階的なものとして捉えることである。ただし、一挙に全体としての「天地」を捉えることを主張しているのではない。あくまで、人に認識できる範囲は限定的であることを自覚し、限定的・個別的に過ぎない、個人の認識を普遍的であるかのように捉えることを批判しているのである。次に、素行が「全体」について述べているものを見てみると、素行は「言語」が「全体」に反するものと見ていることがわかる。「全体」に反する「言語文字」のないところから作られているからこそ、素行にとって『易』には価値がある。 Previous research into Yamaga Sokō (1622-1685) has tended to depict him as being a practical philosopher interested in everyday life, adverse to more abstract strains of metaphysical speculation. Consequently, his work on the Yijing (J: Ekikyō, the book of changes) has not received much attention. A perusal of his writings in this area reveal, most characteristically, that he is not at all interested in the two canonical diagrams which purport to depict the arrangement of the eight trigrams in their nascent state (Ch: xiantiantu; J: sentenzu) and in their later state (Ch: houtiantu; J: kōtenzu). What he is interested in are the two diagrams known as the Yellow River Chart (Ch: hetu; J: kato) and the Luo River Square (Ch: luoshu; J: rakusho). Each of these two diagrams represents within itself a series of numbers, a complexity which Sokō finds attractive. According to Sokō, the Book of Changes represents a grand and unifying system-a system which, he claims, corresponds accurately to the unified structure of heaven and earth, that is, the cosmos. Based on his understanding of the Book of Changes, Sokō criticizes those philosophers who, first, speculate exclusively on purely sensible phenomenon, and second, view the cosmos as a processional (as opposed to an eternally complete) phenomenon. However, despite this second criticism, Sokō does not demand of his readers that they should attempt to consider the cosmos as a single unified whole. The human intellect has its limits. Of this he was well aware. Sokō criticizes those who would erroneously find within the human intellect-fundamentally limited and individual as he recognized it to be- a supernatural faculty capable of perceiving the cosmos on a universal scale. Moreover, Sokō argues that the nature of human language is inherently opposed to grasping the whole (of the cosmos) in itself. It is just because the Book of Changes is founded not upon language but upon diagrams and numbers that he finds it so full of potential.departmental bulletin pape

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