The work programme under the Freshwater Umbrella has been designed to provide the best
available means for addressing key DEFRA policy questions regarding the effects of N deposition
on upland lakes and streams. These questions may be summarised as:
1. What is the spatial extent of acidification and eutrophication in UK upland lakes and streams
which may be attributed to or exacerbated by N deposition?
2. How successful have S and N emission reduction policies been to date in reducing or
preventing acidification (measured as critical load exceedance) and eutrophication of
sensitive freshwaters in the UK?
3. Which forms of N deposition lead to NO3
- leaching into surface waters?
4. Since only a small proportion of deposited N currently leaks into surface waters, which
factors control leaching and how do they change through time, i.e. will the major increases
in NO3
- leaching predicted by mass-balance models occur over policy-relevant timescales
(years to decades)?
5. How will future reductions in NOx or ammonia emissions affect NO3
- leaching and hence
the acidification or eutrophication status of surface waters, and over what timescales
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