Recent ecological studies in invertebrates show that the outcome of an infection is dependent on the specific pairing of
host and parasite. Such specificity contrasts the long-held view that invertebrate innate immunity depends on a broadspectrum
recognition system. An important question is whether this specificity is due to the immune response rather than
some other interplay between host and parasite genotypes. By measuring the expression of putative bumblebee
homologues of antimicrobial peptides in response to infection by their gut trypanosome Crithidia bombi, we demonstrate
that expression differences are associated with the specific interactions
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