Plant innate immunity is based on a surprisingly complex response that is highly flexible in
its capacity to recognize and counteract different invaders. To effectively combat invasion by
microbial pathogens and herbivorous insects, plants make use of pre-existing physical
and chemical barriers, as well as inducible defence mechanisms that become activated
upon attack. Apart from reacting locally, plants can mount a systemic
response, establishing an enhanced defensive capacity in parts distant from the site of primary
attack. This systemically induced response protects the plant against subsequent invaders.
Several biologically induced, systemic defence responses have been characterized in
detail, such as systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which is triggered by pathogens causing
limited infection, such as hypersensitive necrosis, rhizobacteria
induced systemic resistance (ISR), which is activated upon colonization of roots by
selected strains of non-pathogenic rhizobacteria, and wound induced defence, which is typically elicited upon
tissue damage, such as caused by insect feeding
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