Selected strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria are able to induce a systemic
resistance (ISR) in plants, which is phenotypically similar to pathogen-induced systemic acquired
resistance (SAR). The generally non-specific character of induced resistance constitutes an increase in
the level of basal resistance to several pathogens simultaneously, which is of benefit under natural
conditions where multiple pathogens may be present. ISR has been shown to be effective in radish and
cucumber under field conditions. However, when induced plants are infected, disease development or
severity are reduced but not prevented. Resulting economic losses to farmers make induced resistance
alone insufficiently attractive for commercial application in modern intensive agriculture. For practical
applications, durable strategies may be devised in which the growth-stimulating properties of
resistance-inducing rhizobacteria are combined with other bacterial mechanisms of disease
suppression through mixtures of rhizobacterial strains or by combinations with biocontrol fungi, low
doses of chemical crop protectants, chemical SAR inducers or partial resistance. In Arabidopsis ISR
and SAR are effective against a different, though largely overlapping spectrum of pathogens,
depending on the signaling pathways involved in basal resistance. Combination of ISR and SAR can
increase protection against pathogens that are resisted through both pathways, as well as extend
protection to a broader spectrum of pathogens than ISR or SAR alone
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