China\u27s economic and financial transformation, the impact of the global financial crisis and the repercussions of China\u27s crisis management

Abstract

Kineska ekonomska i financijska transformacija predstavlja ključan globalni trend u proteka tri desetljeća. Otvaranje NR Kine stvorilo je niz eksternih i internih izazova kad je u pitanju upravljanje zemljom iz jednog centra, pogotovo imajući u vidu nedavnu evoluciju kineskog financijskog sustava. Ti izazovi osobito su potencirani izbijanjem globalne financijske krize iz 2008. godine, kad se Partija našla suočena s krizom reprodukcije sustava koja se sastoji od održavanja dvoznamenkastih stopa ekonomskog rasta. Ova točka predstavlja pomak prema nedvojbenom trendu financijalizacije kineske ekonomije koja isisava produktivnu energiju iz ekonomskog sustava i ostavlja sve manje prostora za stvaranje kapaciteta za otplatu rastućih dugova u sustavu koji počiva na stvaranju novoga kreditnog novca iz duga, kao što to stipulira endogena monetarna teorija. Članak je podijeljen u šest poglavlja i dio koji uključuje zaključna razmatranja. U prvom i drugom poglavlju analizira se logika kineskih ekonomskih i financijskih reformi do izbijanja globalne financijske krize iz 2008. godine. U trećem poglavlju daje se pregled konstelacije interesa i preferencija najvažnijih aktera vis-à-vis kineske financijske arhitekture. Nakon toga, u četvrtom poglavlju razmatraju se osnovni elementi kineskoga kriznog menadžmenta u borbi protiv reperkusija globalne financijske krize iz 2008. godine. Na njega se logički nadovezuje peto poglavlje, koje nakon objašnjenja razloga financijalizacije kineske ekonomije, danih u prethodna dva poglavlja, tumači fundamentalne izazove u implementaciji financijskih i ekonomskih reformi usmjerenih prema stvaranju održivije, stabilnije i inkluzivnije ekonomske i političke strukture. Šesto poglavlje nastoji primjenom Minskyjeve hipoteze o financijskoj nestabilnosti i tipologizacije korporativnih financija na financije ‘hedžinga’, spekulativne i Ponzijeve financije analizirati postojeće stanje kineskog financijskog sustava i rizike izbijanja razorne financijske krize. U zaključnom dijelu autor tematizira dva scenarija koji će okončati neodrživi trend financijalizacije; scenarij tvrdog i scenarij mekog slijetanja. Neovisno o partijskom opredjeljenju za jedan od njih, kineske stope rasta bitno će se smanjiti i staviti pred Partiju izazov osiguranja novog izvora legitimnosti. Osim toga, odabir između ta dva scenarija nosi velik ulog za ostatak svijeta zbog isprepletenosti globalnih financijskih i trgovinskih kanala.China’s economic and financial transformation represents the key global trend in the past three decades. The process of opening up created a myriad of internal and external challenges when it comes to China’s governance structure, which is heavily based on governance from the political centre in Beijing, especially given the recent evolution of the Chinese financial system. Those challenges are additionally compounded by the outburst of the global financial crisis in 2008. At that moment the Party was overwhelmed by the need for a system reproduction which was perceived to be unimaginable in the absence of double-digit growth rates. China’s economy has been undergoing financialization ever since that critical juncture. Financialization sucks the productive energy out of the economic system and leaves an ever-shrinking scope for building up an economic capacity, which is indispensable bearing in mind the rising indebtedness based on credit money creation, as stipulated by endogenous monetary theory. This paper is divided into six chapters, and a final paragraph dedicated to concluding remarks. The first and second chapters analyse the basic logic of China’s economic and financial reforms until the outburst of the global financial crisis in 2008. The third chapter gives an overview of the underlying interest constellation and key actors’ preferences vis-à-vis China’s financial architecture. Thereafter, the fourth chapter deals withthe key components of China’s crisis management in the midst of the global financial crisis. The fifth chapter is logically connected to the previous one, as it, having in mind the already given explanation for the financialization of China’s economy in the third and fourth chapters, elucidates the fundamental challenges in financial and economic reform implementation. Namely, those reforms ought to be geared toward creating a more sustainable, stable and inclusive economic and political structure. The sixth chapter aims at using Hyman Minsky’s concepts such as ‘financial instability hypothesis’ and ‘corporate finance typology’ (hedging finance, speculative finance and Ponzi finance) in the analysis of the current state of China’s financial system and the ensuing risks for the outbreak of a devastating financial crisis. In the final chapter, the author lays out two scenarios which will play a role in stymying the unsustainable path of financialization in China, namely the scenarios of hard and soft landing. Irrespective of the Party’s preferred choice, China’s growth rates will significantly plunge. This implies a difficult task of finding new sources of Party’s legitimacy. Furthermore, the choice between these two scenarios carries a high stake for the rest of the world in the light of rising global financial and trade interconnectedness

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