THE USE OF MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AT VINES

Abstract

Brojim znanstvenim istraživanjima potvrđena je činjenica kako je mikoriza izuzetno korisna simbioza korijena viših biljaka i gljive. Zbog različitosti u morfologiji dijeli se na ektomikorizu i endomikorizu, pri čemu ektomikoriza formira micelij izvan staničja korijena, a endomikoriza unutar staničja. Takav odnos korijena i biljke ima veliki broj pozitivnih učinaka koji se najbolje ogledaju u siromašnim tlima i stresnim uvjetima. Kako se dugotrajni nasadi često podižu na siromašnim tlima, mikoriza može biti i neophodna za održivu poljoprivrednu proizvodnju. U siromašnim tlima ona utječe na pojačano usvajanje mineralnih tvari, a najviše fosfora. Također, utječe i na poboljšano usvajanje vode u tlima s niskim sadržajem iste. Ova dva najbitnija učinka su posljedica znatno veće biomase korijenovog sustava, ali i sposobnosti gljive da hifama prodire u sitnije kapilare u koje korijenove dlačice ne mogu. Ta dva učinka indirektno rezultiraju boljom tolerancijom biljaka na stresne agroekološke uvjete, kao što su niske i visoke temperature, salinitet, pH tla i zagađenje zraka. Bitna uloga mikorize je i sprječavanje usvajanja teških metala, što je vrlo značajno u konvencionalnoj proizvodnji. Utječe i na sprječavanje pojave zemljišnih patogena. Može se zaljučiti da mikoriza može biti ključ proizvodnje u održivoj poljoprivredi. Financijski je vrlo dostupna, smanjuje uporabu skupih mineralnih gnojiva i pesticida, te osigurava biljci povoljan balans hranjiva i vode, što može biti od presudne važnosti kod vinove loze.Numerous scientific researches confirm the fact that mycorrhiza is a highly useful symbiosis between roots and fungi. Due to differences in morphology, it is divided into ectomycorrhiza and endomycorrhiza. Endomycorrhiza forms mycellium inside the root tissue and ectomycorrhiza out of the tissue. Such root and fungi association have a large number of positive effects, which are best reflected in poor soils and stress conditions. As the orchards are often planted on poor soils, mycorrhiza may also be necessary for sustainable agriculture. In poor soils it affects the absorption of mineral substances, and most phosphorus. It also contributes to improve water absorption in soils with low content of available water. These two most important effects are a consequence of significantly greater root system biomass but also the ability of fungi to penetrate the hyphae into the smaller soil capillaries in which the root can't penetrate. These two effects indirectly results in better tolerance of plants to stress agroecological conditions such as low and high temperatures, salinity, soil pH and air pollution. The important role od mycorrhiza is to prevent the uptake od heavy metals, which is very important in conventional production. It also affects the prevention of the soil pathogenes. It can be assumed that mycorrhiza can be the key in sustainable agriculture production. It is financially achievable, it reduces the use of expensive mineral fertilizers and pesticides, and provides the plants with favorable balance of nutrients and water, which can be of crucial importance to vines

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