Design of Microclimate Monitoring and Graphical Interface System for Indoor Vertical Hydroponic Based on User-Centered Design Technique

Monitoring microclimate conditions, including temperature, humidity, and light intensity, is crucial for maintaining plant health and productivity in indoor vertical hydroponic systems. These conditions directly influence essential physiological processes like photosynthesis and respiration, affecting growth and yield quality. Manual monitoring methods often suffer from inefficiencies, such as slow data collection, operator dependency, and human error. These can delay responses to sudden microclimate changes, leading to plant stress and reduced productivity. This study aims to design a real-time microclimate monitoring and graphical interface system for indoor vertical hydroponics using the User-Centered Design (UCD) approach. The system integrates DHT11 and BH1750 sensors to measure temperature, humidity, and light intensity, respectively, with data processing performed by a Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+. System performance was evaluated over 24 hours using root mean square error (RMSE) and accuracy metrics. Based on the analysis, RMSE values for temperature, humidity, and light intensity were 2.398, 1.483, and 392.225, respectively, with an overall accuracy of 97.33%, demonstrating high reliability. Two interface prototypes, Design A and Design B, were developed with distinct visual approaches and evaluated by ten respondents across six criteria: appearance, color, layout, information, icon, and font. Design A outperformed Design B, achieving a higher average score (49 vs. 43.4), reflecting its superior clarity and intuitive design. These findings highlight the potential of the proposed system to enhance microclimate management and optimize plant growth in indoor vertical hydroponics.&nbsp

ANALISIS KEHILANGAN TEKANAN PADA SISTEM RESIRKULASI AIR TERKENDALI UNTUK PEMBENIHAN IKAN

Conventional fish hatchery faces many challenges, such as extensive land use, excessive water use, environmental pollution, and a controlled maintenance system, making the fish hatchery process inefficient. The development of a Controlled Water Recirculation System (SRAT) can be a solution to overcome this problem. This study aims to obtain a water balance model and determine the amount of pressure loss that occurs in the SRAT piping network to improve the performance of SRAT by maintaining the uniformity of water discharge in each water tank in the SRAT. First, the average discharge was 2,134 L/min, with a uniformity of only 79%. After the intervention of the model, the uniformity value increased to 99% with an average of 1,269 L/min. It can be concluded that the built model can maintain the uniformity of water discharge in each tub contained in the SRAT.Conventional fish hatchery has many challenges such as large land use, excessive water use, environmental pollution and a controlled maintenance system, making the fish hatchery process inefficient. The application of the development of the Controlled Water Recirculation System (SRAT) can be a solution to overcome this problem. This study aims to obtain a water balance model, and determine the amount of pressure loss that occurs in the SRAT piping network, in order to improve the performance of SRAT by maintaining the uniformity of water discharge in each water tank in the SRAT. At first, the average discharge was 2,134 L/min with a uniformity value of only 79%. After the intervention of the model, the uniformity value increased to 99% with an average of 1,869 L/min. It can be concluded that the model built can maintain the uniformity of water discharge in each tub contained in the SRA

Analisis Daya Dukung Tanah pada Penerapan Mesin Pertanian di Kulon Progo

A critical factor in the enhancement of agricultural productivity is the utilization of agricultural tools and machinery. The challenges posed by reduced labor, narrow rice fields, and deep surface soil layers create significant difficulties for such equipment. Soil penetration resistance refers to the capacity of soil to resist the loads applied to it. The pressure exerted on the soil by agricultural machinery and tools hinders their effective functioning. The present study has been designed to determine the influence of soil evaporation resistance value on the type of agricultural machinery that can be applied. The measurement of soil carrying capacity value is measured in 3 land categories. The analysis was carried out by comparing the value of soil penetration resistance with the tractor's trafficability index. This research was conducted from February to July 2024, and the measured penetration resistance in the sample land was found to be in the range of 0.55–0.90 at a depth of 10 cm and 0.82–1.14 at a depth of 15 cm. A comparison of the penetration resistance values with the trafficability index, which delineates the operational parameters for agricultural machinery, revealed that four-wheel tractors and combine harvesters would be unable to operate on the sample land. The application of these machines would result in subsidence levels of more than 15 cm for category 1 and 2 and more than 20 cm for category 3.Salah satu faktor penting dalam menunjang keberhasilan peningkatan produksi pertanian adalah penggunaan alat dan mesin pertanian.  Berkurangnya tenaga kerja, sempitnya lahan sawah, sawah dalam tanpa lapisan tanah keras (hardpan) akan menyulitkan alat dan mesin pertanian untuk bekerja. Daya dukung tanah adalah kemampuan tanah dalam menahan beban alat dan mesin yang bekerja diatasnya. Tekanan tanah yang diakibatkan oleh aktivitas kerja alat dan mesin pertanian menyebabkan tidak semua alat dan mesin pertanian dapat bekerja di sawah sama baiknya dengan di darat. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut maka penelitian ini dirancang untuk mengetahui pengaruh nilai daya dukung tanah terhadap jenis mesin pertanian yang dapat diaplikasikan diatasnya. Pengukuran nilai daya dukung tanah diukur pada 3 kategori lahan. Analisis dilakukan dengan membandingkan nilai tahanan penetrasi tanah dengan indeks trafficability traktor. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari hingga Juli 2024. Dari penelitian diketahui bahwa mesin pertanian bertipe traktor roda 4 dan combine harvester tidak dapat diaplikasikan pada lahan sawah yang menjadi sampel pengukuran di Kabupaten Kulon Progo. Apabila diaplikasikan maka combine harvester dan traktor roda 4 akan mengalami ketenggelaman (sinkage) lebih dari 15 cm untuk lahan kategori 1 dan 2, serta akan mengalami ketenggelaman (sinkage) lebih dari 20 cm untuk lahan kategori 3

Design and Build Water Quality Monitoring System and Weather Station Based on Industrial Sensors with Modbus RS485 Protocol

River water quality is typically monitored using sampling methods. This approach makes detecting water pollution challenging owing to the limited sampling time. Another factor influencing water quality is weather, which can be addressed by incorporating weather station sensors as corrective tools. The collected data were processed and visually displayed to make the important information easily interpretable. The water quality parameters measured in this study included Electrical Conductivity (EC), temperature, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), salinity, pH, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and saturation. The weather parameters measured by the system included wind speed, wind direction, air temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure, rainfall, and solar radiation. The system's capabilities include data transmission via cellular networks, data backup using an SD card, and industrial sensors with IP (Ingress Protection) standards that utilize the Modbus RS485 protocol. The study followed the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) or waterfall method to ensure system readiness and durability in real-world environments. The Modbus RS485 protocol allows multiple sensors to share a single cable line, resulting in a more efficient and less complex wire arrangement. These findings highlight the necessity of separating sensor lines based on parity type and baud rate for each sensor, enabling simultaneous readings in subsequent operations.River water quality is typically monitored using sampling methods. This approach makes detecting water pollution challenging owing to the limited sampling time. Another factor influencing water quality is weather, which can be addressed by incorporating weather station sensors as corrective tools. The collected data were processed and visually displayed to make the important information easily interpretable. The water quality parameters measured in this study included Electrical Conductivity (EC), temperature, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), salinity, pH, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and saturation. The weather parameters measured by the system included wind speed, wind direction, air temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure, rainfall, and solar radiation. The system's capabilities include data transmission via cellular networks, data backup using an SD card, and industrial sensors with IP (Ingress Protection) standards that utilize the Modbus RS485 protocol. The study followed the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) or waterfall method to ensure system readiness and durability in real-world environments. The Modbus RS485 protocol allows multiple sensors to share a single cable line, resulting in a more efficient and less complex wire arrangement. These findings highlight the necessity of separating sensor lines based on parity type and baud rate for each sensor, enabling simultaneous readings in subsequent operations

Adaptive-Historical Energy-Efficient Temperature Control for Tropical Greenhouses

Maintaining an optimal microclimate is critical for tropical greenhouse operations, especially with fluctuating weather conditions. This research introduces an adaptive, energy-efficient control model for regulating air temperature inside tropical greenhouses, leveraging historical climate data. The model optimizes fan rotation speeds to achieve desired temperature targets while minimizing energy consumption. Key methods include climate data analysis, developing a predictive model for indoor air temperature, and optimizing fan speeds using an inverter. Results indicate the model can predict air temperature with high accuracy, evidenced by an RMSE of 0.02 and an R² of 0.96. In practical applications, the optimized control system maintained target temperatures effectively, with fan speeds set at 30-40 Hz during cloudy periods and 50 Hz during sunny conditions. Notably, the model reduced electricity consumption by 33.93% in cloudy weather and 18.54% in sunny weather, demonstrating significant energy savings. This control strategy is particularly suitable for tropical greenhouses experiencing rapid climate changes, providing a sustainable solution for managing greenhouse microclimates efficiently. The study underscores the potential of data-driven adaptive control systems in enhancing energy efficiency and maintaining optimal growing conditions in tropical greenhouse environments

Pengaruh Variasi Pulsed-Spray Time dengan Water Coolant Pada Media Pendinginan Terhadap Efisiensi dan Temperatur Panel Surya

Teknologi panel surya memungkinkan konversi cahaya matahari menjadi energi listrik. Akan tetapi, ada masalah yang dapat muncul pada kinerja panel surya, misalnya peningkatan suhu panel surya melebihi batas kerjanya sendiri. Suhu yang semakin meningkat akan membuat kinerja panel surya semakin berkurang. Maka, penting menjaga suhu panel surya sangat diperlukan agar performanya tetap optimal. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh delay timing back and front surface spray cooling terhadap temperatur rata – rata, daya output, dan pengoptimalan energi panel surya. Pengujian ini menghasilkan temperatur panel surya sangat menurun ketika delay timing spray 10 menit senilai 58,95°C, ketika delay timing spray 20 menit senilai 70,78°C, sedangkan ketika delay timing spray 30 menit senilai 78,63°C. Metode pendinginan yang dilakukan selama 1 menit dengan variasi delay timing spray 10 menit, 20 menit, dan 30 menit. Uji eksperimental ini dapat menurunkan suhu panel surya, pada delay timing spray 10 menit menjadi 58,95°C, pada delay timing spray 20 menit menjadi 70,78°C, dan pada delay timing spray 30 menit menjadi 78,63°C. Metode pendinginan dilakukan selama 1 menit dengan delay timing spray yang bervariasi yaitu 10 menit, 20 menit dan 30 menit. Melalui pengujian ini juga diperoleh nilai energi total. Apabila delay timing spray 10, 20 dan 30 menit masing-masing sebesar 8,61 x 10-3 kWh (30982,06 Joule), 8,03 x 10-3 kWh (28890,32 Joule) dan 7,61 x 10-3 kWh (27408,06 Joule). Kesimpulan dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan adalah delay timing spray yang paling optimal delay timing spray selama 10 menit dengan suhu rata-rata sebesar 58,95°C, dan optimalisasi energi terbaik adalah dengan energi total sebesar 30982,06 Joule atau 8,61 x 10 -3kWh.Solar panel technology enables the conversion of sunlight into electrical energy. However, some problems can arise with the performance of solar panels, for example, increasing the temperature of the solar panels beyond their working limits. Increasing temperatures will reduce the performance of solar panels. So, it is essential to maintain the temperature of the solar panels so that their performance remains optimal. This research was conducted to determine the effect of delayed timing of the back and front surfaces of spray cooling on average temperature, output power, and solar panel energy optimization. This experimental test can reduce the temperature of solar panels at a spray delay time of 10 minutes to 58.95°C, at a spray delay time of 20 minutes to 70.78°C, and at a spray delay time of 30 minutes to 78.63 °C. The cooling method is carried out for 1 minute with varying spray delay times of 10, 20, and 30 min. Through this test, the total energy value is also obtained. Suppose the spray delay time is 10, 20 and 30 min, respectively, 5.60 x 10-3 kWh (20150.78 Joules), 5.27 x 10-3 kWh (1897.,11 Joules) and 5.11 x 10-3 kWh (18383.68 Joules). The conclusion from the research that has been carried out is that the most optimal delay time is a delay time of 10 minutes with an average temperature of 58.95°C, and the best energy optimization is with a total energy of 20150.78 Joules or 5.27 x 10-3 kWh

Pesticide Residue Reduction on Curly Chili (Capsicum annum L.) Using Ozone Fine Bubble Technology.

Residu pestisida pada cabai keriting dapat menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan bagi konsumen. Pencucian cabai keriting menggunakan air ozon fine bubble merupakan metode yang menjanjikan untuk mengurangi residu pestisida. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan dosis dan durasi optimal ozon fine bubble dalam mendegradasi residu pestisida khususnya profenofos, serta mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap umur simpan dan mutu fisik cabai keriting. Setelah dicuci, cabai keriting disimpan pada suhu ruang dan diamati setiap dua hari sekali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pencucian dengan ozon fine bubble 1 ppm selama 10 menit efektif menurunkan residu profenofos pada cabai keriting hingga 89,8% tanpa mengurangi kualitasnya. Umur simpan cabai keriting diamati dan mulai kehilangan nilai komersialnya setelah 6-8 hari.Pesticide residues in curly chilies may cause health problems in consumers. Washing curly chilies using ozone fine-bubble water is a promising method for reducing pesticide residues. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal dose and duration to degrade pesticide residues, especially for profenofos, and to determine their effect on the shelf life and physical quality of curly chilies. After washing, the curly chilies were stored at room temperature and observed every two days. The results showed that washing with 1 ppm ozone fine bubble water for 10 min was effective in reducing profenofos residue on curly chili by up to 89.8% without reducing its quality. The shelf life of curly chilies was observed, and they started losing their commercial value after 6-8 days. &nbsp

Ergonomic Analysis of Small-Scale Palm Sugar Starch Processing Industry in Rancakalong Village, Sumedang Regency

Rancakalong village, Sumedang Regency, has been known for its small-scale palm sugar starch processing industry since 2013. This industry produces starch from palm trees, which is crucial for food and beverages. Generally, the processes involved in processing palm sugar starch include (i) splitting of the palm, (ii) grating, (iii) coarse fiber screening, (iv) fine fiber screening, (v) harvesting, and (vi) drying. Initial evaluations indicated that the workers experienced physical discomfort during their work. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the ergonomic aspects of processing palm sugar starch, including the working posture, standard time, workload, noise, and vibration. Based on the analysis, the risk level for each work element in processing palm sugar starch fell into the high-risk (score 8-10) and very high-risk (score 11-15) categories. These risks cause discomfort due to inappropriate work posture and duration, necessitating significant changes. The standard time required for each work element was as follows: 212.88±28.43 seconds/kg (palm splitting), 363.45±12.90 seconds/kg (grating), 95.08±9.74 seconds/kg (coarse fiber screening), 192.05±21.27 seconds/kg (fine fiber screening), 35.57±5.78 seconds/kg (harvesting), and 1821.01±41.09 seconds/kg (drying). Regarding workload analysis, processing palm sugar starch activities fell into the moderate category with total energy cost (TEC) values ranging from 92.66±1.50 265.55±3.88 kcal/hour. Regarding noise and vibration analysis, the grating work element was identified as the station with the highest exposure, i.e., 96.00±0.82 dB and 1.6±0.05 m/s2, respectively. The results of this study could be used as a basis for developing more efficient work procedures, maintaining health, and improving safety in the processing of palm sugar starch.Palm starch processing is a process to produce starch from sugar palm plants, which is used as a raw material in the food and beverage industry. In general, palm starch processing activities include (i) splitting, (ii) grating, (iii) filtering coarse fiber, (iv) filtering fine fiber, (v) harvesting, and (vi) drying. Initial evaluations indicated that workers experienced physical discomfort during work. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the ergonomic aspects of palm starch processing activities, including work posture, standard time, workload, noise and vibration. Based on the analysis, the level of risk in each work element in palm starch processing includes high risk (score 8-10) and very high (score 11-15). This risk causes discomfort because work attitudes and duration do not follow standards, so changes are needed. The standard time required for each work element is as follows: 212.88 s (splitting), 363.45 s (grating), 95.08 s (filtering coarse fiber), 192.05 s (filtering fine fiber), 35 .57 seconds (harvesting), and 1821.01 s (drying). Regarding workload analysis, the Total Energy Cost (TEC) value as the level of exhaustion for sugar palm starch processing activities ranges from 92.66 kcal/hour to 265.55 kcal/hour. Regarding noise and vibration analysis, the grating workstation was identified as the station with the highest exposure values, i.e., 96 dB and 1.6 m/s2. The results of this research can be used as a basis for developing more efficient work procedures, maintaining health and increasing safety in palm starch processing activities

Macro-Nutrient Prediction of Paddy Field Soil Using Artificial Neural Network and NIR Spectroscopy

Understanding soil fertility, influenced by macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, is essential for adaptive agriculture implementation based on various soil conditions. Near-infrared spectroscopy technology provides non-destructive, rapid soil property measurements without chemicals, applicable both in-field and in-laboratory. However, the wide NIR spectrum range and neural network complexities can hinder Artificial Neural Network (ANN) training and inference, leading to time and resource inefficiency, especially without sophisticated computing devices. This study examines data reduction methods to enhance ANN performance in predicting soil macronutrients using NIR spectra. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied to select wavelengths from the 1000–2500 nm for ANN input, comparing their performance. About 237 NIR reflectance data from paddy soil were transformed into absorbance data. MLR used forward selection to identify wavelengths with correlations higher than 0.9, while PCA selected wavelengths corresponding to the loading factor peaks for each principal component. These selected wavelengths served as inputs for the ANN model. The ANN’s performance was assessed using correlation and determination coefficients, RMSE, RPD, and model consistency. For nitrogen, the PCA+ANN model with reflectance spectra performed better (RPD 2.4-4.8) than the MLR+ANN model (RPD 2.2-2.6) using fewer wavelengths (5-9 for PCA+ANN vs. 9-12 for MLR+ANN). For phosphorus estimation, the PCA+ANN model also excelled (RPD 2.3-7.0 vs. 2.3-2.4) with fewer wavelengths (4-7 vs. 7). For potassium estimation, the PCA+ANN model showed superior performance (RPD 4.3-9.5 vs. 4.2-4.4), using the same number of wavelengths (4-8 vs. 4-6)

Application of Corn Starch and Red Galangal Coating to Extend the Shelf Life of Chrysanthemum Flowers (Chrysanthemum morifolium)

Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) has high economic value. However, fresh Chrysanthemums are perishable and have a short shelf life. High respiration and microorganisms are the main causes of the decline in the quality of chrysanthemums after harvest. The fungus Puccinia horiana causes white rust disease on the leaves which were carried when the flowers are harvested and stored for distribution. Corn starch as an edible coating material combined with red galangal extract was expected to reduce damage by these two factors. The purpose of the research was to determine the best concentration of corn starch and red galangal extract to extend the shelf life of fresh chrysanthemum edible flower. The starch concentration chosen was based on the viscosity of the coating solution which can be applied by spraying and produces the solidness and smallest diameter of droplet. The concentration of 2% corn starch coating solution was chosen to be the best solution concentration for coating. In application, the coating solution used was 2% corn starch combined with 1% and 2% red galangal extract, with spraying done once and twice. The results of the study showed that the L2S2 formulation (2% galangal concentration with spraying 2 times) was the best treatment. This treatment can maintain flower water content at 86.02%, weight loss 19.00%, L value 34.50o, Hue value 347.04o on the 6th day of storage with a panelist assessment of a score of 3.25 (freshness, color, aroma). As a comparison, flowers without treatment (control) were still accepted by panelists up to the 3rd day of storage with a score of 3.01, more than 3 days the score was less than