Women’s Equality in Islamic Teachings Seen Through the Perspective of Fair and Civilized Humanity (Kemanusiaan Yang Adil Dan Beradab)

The Islamic vision of women’s equality challenges the view of patriarchal ideology that has been established in the culture of society in various parts of the world. It is important to analyze Islamic teachings regarding women’s equality through the philosophical meaning of a fair and civilized humanity principle. Philosophical analysis produces a paradigmatic and universal understanding. The problem studied is the description of Islamic teachings regarding women’s equality and the analysis results are reviewed from the perspective of a fair and civilized humanity. The aim is to obtain a paradigmatic and universal concept of gender equality. The analysis uses the method of philosophical hermeneutics, through the stages of understanding, interpretation, description, internal coherence, and holistic analysis. The study results show that Islam teaches the position of women to be equal in gender relations, that is, not to demean, not indulge, nor to equate (blurred emancipation) between men and women. The humanity taught by Islam and the second precept of Pancasila is the same, that is, it is based on the nature of human nature. Humanity taught by Islam and the second precept of Pancasila do not differentiate between gender, social status, religious affiliation, ethnic background and race in the contexts of life. Men and women are components together in humanity, because men and women are responsible for realizing fair, civilized and democratic relations

Should Robots Be Like Humans? A Pragmatic Approach to Social Robotics

This paper describes the instrumentalizing aspects of social robots, which generate the term pragmatic social robot. In contrast to humanoid robots, pragmatic social robots (PSRs) are defined by their instrumentalizing aspects, which consist of language, skill, and artificial intelligence. These technical aspects of social robots have led to the tendency to attribute a selfhood characteristic or anthropomorphism. Anthropomorphism can raise problems of responsibility and the ontological problems of human-technology relations. As a result, there is an antinomy in the research and development of pragmatic social robotics, considering that they are expected to achieve similarity with humans in terms of completing works. How can we avoid anthropomorphism in the research and development of PSRs while ensuring their flexibility? In response to this issue, I suggest intuition should be instrumentalized to advance PSRs’ social skills. Intuition, as theorized by Henry Bergson and Efraim Fischbein, overcomes the capacity of logical analysis to solve problems. Robots should be like humans in the sense that their instrumentalizing aspects meet the criteria for the value of human social skills

Philosophy of Emancipatory Education through the Masters of Suspicion

 This paper will answer what the masters of suspicion say about the construction of today’s relevant philosophy of education. This paper is a qualitative research intended to construct meaning through a literature search on selected reading sources. The hermeneutic perspective used in this paper means an attempt to put the text, namely the thoughts of these masters of suspicion, in the present context to construct a meaning for the relevant philosophy of education. Three masters of suspicion, i.e. Marx, Freud, and Nietzsche, spoke respectively of a critical task in the realm of human action. Marx suspected that economic motives are often not to support life but to suppress it instead. Nietzsche suspected that religion only produced decadent and timid humans so they never became their true selves, hypocrite, and like to scare others. Freud was suspicious of human subconscious motivation so it must be seriously criticized in order to bring out an action that is truly born of compassionate political and social morality. These three masters present important education values to be developed today, namely education for social change, empowerment, and building compassionate social and political morality

Scientism, Anti-Science, and Scientific Activities as an Expression of Religious Beliefs

This paper seeks to show how believers can carry out scientific activities or appreciate the results of scientific research as an expression of faith itself. This goal will be achieved by demonstrating two important distinctions, namely: 1) the difference between the rejecting scientism and anti-science stance, 2) the difference between rejecting scientism and accepting the reality of theism. Later, I will show how the narrative of conflict between the adherents of scientism and its opponents can be overcome by localizing the narrative of the conflict to local historical situations and at the end an alternative narrative taken from internal sources of the Christian religious tradition will be explained in relation to three things, namely: 1) assumptions about the relationship between faith and reason, 2) attitudes towards human critical efforts, and 3) attitudes towards nature and natural research activities. This proposal is expected to be an example of how science and faith can enrich each other in a dialogical-critical relationship

What Is Perception?: Interpreting “Flesh, Chiasm (L'entrelacs-Le Chiasme) According To Maurice Merleau-Ponty

 The study of the body and chiasm according to Merleau-Ponty is an interesting subject that deserves to be explored. This is because it touches the "visible" and "invisible" areas, which are often interpreted ambiguously when dealing with bodily functions. The ambiguity that often arises is that the two are not used together or one is chosen. Even if together, it is usually seen as a support or a complement. In fact, the two are inseparable and interrelated. Through literature research, the author tries to show key descriptions related to the area by overseeing the perception frame. The results show that the "visible" can be likened to the skin and surface, while the "unseen" is the flesh beneath. For Merleau-Ponty, it does not mean "the invisible" supports "the visible". The integration between the "visible" and "invisible" can be said as a chiasm. A chiasm is a criss-cross framework. This idea is not easily accepted by feminist philosophers. Merleau-Ponty seems to understand that the inherent flesh with the chiasm of subjects and the world is the embodiment of a new ontology. This ontology focuses on between life and death, animals and humans, which seem hierarchical, so it attracts the attention of feminists, at least represented by Irigaray. Irigaray believes that the "visible" privilege of touch contributes to phallogocentrism because the penis is judged to be "the visible", while the vagina is the opposite, "the invisible"

Seyyed Hossein Nasr’s Perennialism Perspective for the Development of Religious Studies in Indonesia

One of phenomena that can be analyzed in modern life of human being nowadays is the dysfunction of religion in the social sphere and the development of science and technology. In the context of getting a solution on such modernity crisis, Seyyed Hossein Nasr offers perennial philosophy, by representing Islamic traditional wisdom in modern life of human beings who suffer from a loss of spiritual dimension. This research aims, first, to know the perspective of Seyyed Hossein Nasr's perennial philosophy, and, second, to explore the relevance of perennial philosophy in Seyyed Hossein Nasr's thought about the study of religion. The research results are: firstly, perennial philosophy is a monumental work of Seyyed Hossein Nasr that unites among religion of Islam, philosophy, and science. For Nasr, perennial philosophy is a universal knowledge; that applies eternal and lasting values or norms which emerged from religion throughout the history of human being. Secondly, Nasr offers perennial philosophy as a perspective for study on religions, especially Islam. According to Nasr, there are three responses, namely: firstly, to criticize modern human being whose non-spirituality caused by secularist paradigm of the West modern science and technology; secondly, excavation and reinforcement of the traditional wisdom; and, thirdly, unity or meeting point of all religions in eternal universal principles

The Ethics of Utilitarianism in a Circular Economy

In business competition, companies are required to be superior in creating added value for the products and services produced. However, within the limited availability of resources, companies must act wisely in managing business and achieving sustainable business objectives. This paper explains how a businessman can build their business by paying attention to morals. Ethical utilitarianism is an ethical view that emphasizes the goal of maximizing welfare for as many people as possible associated with the circular economy concept. A circular economy is an economic system that focuses on the efficient and responsible use of resources through the recycling, use, and renewal of resources. The study results show that ethical utilitarianism can be applied to circular economy principles and how these principles can bring significant economic and environmental benefits. This article also discusses some of the challenges and potential social injustices associated with implementing a circular economy and how to overcome them through a more inclusive approach

A Synthesis Between Phenomenological and Naturalism Approach in Interpreting Home: A Home Bubble Theory

A phenomenological interpretation of home is usually done romantically, in which the home is thought to be a source of safety, comfort, and security. This conclusion about home is problematic, considering that if all of these components do not exist in a certain place, the home will dissipate. This research, which was conducted by using the synthesis of horizon method, aims to see if the concept of home can be understood through a new approach that weighs in natural law in human perception towards a certain spacetime. Through this method, home is formed along with the positive connection between a subject with a certain place in a certain spacetime. The memories and experiences of a subject towards a place allow their home bubble that is always carried by them to merge with the bubbles in the environment. The more frequently this merger happens, the subject will have access to more varieties of time. Hence, through this phenomeno-naturalistic perspective, home is defined as a bubble that is dynamic, transformative, and has the ability to be physical and metaphysical entities

Ethical Reflections on the Practice of Pre-Election Polls in Indonesia

 This paper aims to connect the practice of pre-election polls to moral issues and democracy. Several studies have indicated that pre-election polls have grown to become essential pillars of democracy. The prediction capabilities of pre-election polls can help politicians arrange strategies to listen to the public's voice and win political contestation. However, since the practice of pre-election polls is not only scientific evidence but also political credential, it crosses the blurry boundary where they intersect one another. Consequently, this may exacerbate some pathologies of polls such as method corruption, data manipulation, bandwagon effect, and political mobilization. Focusing on the 2014 and 2019 Indonesia presidential elections, this paper suggests that ethical consideration to ensure the practice of pre-election polls is necessary for bringing the polls back as one of the prime pillars of democracy