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    Diagnostic imaging and treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas

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    Karotidno-kavernozne fistule (KKF) predstavljaju patološke vaskularne komunikacije između karotidne arterije (najčešće unutarnje karotidne arterije) i kavernoznog sinusa. Ove fistule mogu biti traumatske ili spontane, a klinička slika uključuje simptome poput egzoftalmusa, pulsirajućeg šuma, crvenila oka, diplopije i povišenog intraokularnog tlaka. Brza i precizna dijagnostika ključna je za sprječavanje trajnih neuroloških, vaskularnih i očnih komplikacija. Radiološke metode, posebno neinvazivne tehnike kao što su CT angiografija i MR angiografija, omogućuju inicijalnu evaluaciju, dok je digitalna subtrakcijska angiografija (DSA) zlatni standard za potvrdu dijagnoze i planiranje terapije. Endovaskularno liječenje predstavlja osnovu terapijskog pristupa, s ciljem zatvaranja fistulozne komunikacije uz očuvanje prohodnosti karotidne arterije. Koriste se različite tehnike, uključujući primjenu odvojivih balona, spirala, stentova i tekućih embolizacijskih materijala. Pravovremeno prepoznavanje i adekvatno liječenje KKF značajno poboljšava prognozu i smanjuje rizik od trajnih oštećenja vida i neuroloških deficita.Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCF) are pathological vascular communications between the carotid artery (most often the internal carotid artery) and the cavernous sinus. These fistulas can be traumatic or spontaneous, and the clinical picture includes symptoms such as exophthalmos, pulsating noise, eye redness, diplopia, and increased intraocular pressure. A quick and accurate diagnosis is essential to prevent permanent neurological, vascular and eye complications. Radiological methods, especially non-invasive techniques such as CT angiography and MR angiography, enable initial evaluation, while digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is the gold standard for confirming the diagnosis and planning therapy. Endovascular treatment is the basis of the therapeutic approach, with the aim of closing the fistulous communication while preserving the patency of the carotid artery. Various techniques are used, including the use of detachable balloons, coils, stents, and liquid embolization materials. Timely recognition and adequate treatment of CCF significantly improves the prognosis and reduces the risk of permanent visual impairment and neurological deficits

    Traffic Offenses and the Role of the Traffic Police

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    Prekršaji u cestovnom prometu predstavljaju kršenje prometnih pravila i propisa koji su postavljeni radi sigurnosti svih sudionika u prometu. Najčešći prekršaji uključuju prekoračenje brzine, vožnju pod utjecajem alkohola ili droga, nekorištenje sigurnosnog pojasa, nepropisno parkiranje te prolazak kroz crveno svjetlo. Takva ponašanja mogu dovesti do prometnih nesreća, ozljeda i gubitka života. Prometna policija ima ključnu ulogu u nadzoru i održavanju reda u cestovnom prometu. Njeni zadaci uključuju kontrolu prometa, zaustavljanje i sankcioniranje prekršitelja, provođenje alko-testova, upravljanje prometom u izvanrednim situacijama te provođenje preventivnih akcija. Osim represivnih mjera, prometna policija ima i edukativnu ulogu u podizanju svijesti o važnosti poštivanja prometnih pravila. U ovom se radu obrađuje pravni okvir prekršaja u cestovnom prometu i uloga prometne policije u prevenciji i sankcioniranju prometnih prekršaja. U radu se provodi i anketno istraživanje te intervju sa djelatnikom prometne policije na navedenu temu

    Impact of endometrial injury on outcomes of in vitro fertilization procedures

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    Sve veći izazov reproduktivne medicine, u današnje doba, predstavlja rastući trend odgađanja roditeljstva koji postepeno prerasta u javnozdravstveni problem budući da se parovi sve češće suočavaju s neplodnosti. Zbog odgađanja roditeljstva i sve češće patologije reproduktivnog sustava potreba za postupcima medicinski potpomognute oplodnje (MPO) se povećala. U uvodnom dijelu rada opisani su neki od češćih uzroka ženske neplodnosti, a prikazan je i dijagnostički pristup s naglaskom na važnost individualiziranog pristupa liječenju. Izvantjelesna oplodnja (IVF) jedna je od najznačajnijih metoda MPO-a, no unatoč sve boljim protokolima stopa uspješnosti IVF-a i dalje je ograničena, a velik postotak neuspjeha otpada na probleme s implantacijom embrija. U fokusu novijih istraživanja nalazi se terapijska ozljeda endometrija uzrokovana grebanjem endometrija. Ozljeda endometrija ispituje se kao terapijska opcija s ciljem poboljšanja implantacije budući da potencijalno povećava receptivnost endometrija. Dosadašnja istraživanja donose rezultate koji podupiru benefit ozljede endometrija, no ima i onih koji ga opovrgavaju. Ovaj rad analizira ulogu ozljede endometrija na ishode IVF postupaka, s naglaskom na mehanizme djelovanja i prikaze rezultata prethodno provedenih kliničkih istraživanja. Zaključno, iako postoje naznake terapijskog potencijala ove metode, potrebna su dodatna istraživanja kako bi se precizno odredile indikacije za terapijski postupak grebanja endometrija i procijenila stvarna učinkovitost postupka na većem uzorku pacijentica.The trend of delayed parenthood presents a growing challenge and is increasingly recognized as a public health concern, as more couples face infertility. Contributing factors include postponement of childbearing and a rising prevalence of reproductive system pathologies, both of which have led to an increased reliance on assisted reproductive technologies (ART). This paper begins by outlining common causes of female infertility and the diagnostic approaches employed, highlighting the importance of individualized treatment strategies. In vitro fertilization (IVF) remains a cornerstone in infertility treatment. However, despite continuous advancements in stimulation protocols and laboratory techniques, success rates remain suboptimal, with implantation failure representing a major limiting factor. One area of growing interest is therapeutic endometrial injury, commonly referred to as endometrial scratching, which has been proposed as a method to enhance endometrial receptivity and thereby improve implantation rates. This paper explores the potential of endometrial injury as an adjunctive treatment in IVF, examining proposed mechanisms of action and summarizing the current evidence from clinical studies. While some research supports its beneficial role in enhancing implantation, other studies challenge its efficacy, leading to ongoing debate. In conclusion, although preliminary findings suggest that endometrial injury may have therapeutic potential, further high-quality research is required to clearly define its indications and to evaluate its true impact on IVF outcomes in larger and more diverse patient populations

    Uloga odgojitelja u procesu pružanja usluga rane intervencije u kontekstu ustanove za rani i predškolski odgoj i obrazovanje

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    Rad prikazuje kvalitativnu analizu iskustva odgojitelja u radu s djecom s teškoćama u razvoju i implementaciji usluga rane intervencije u ustanovama za rani i predškolski odgoj i obrazovanje. Cilj istraživanja bio je dobiti uvid u perspektivu odgojitelja o vlastitoj profesionalnoj ulozi, kompetencijama, doprinosu inicijalnog obrazovanja i iskustva za rad s djecom s teškoćama, preprekama i potrebama za dodatnim edukacijama u procesu pružanja usluga rane intervencije djeci s razvojnim rizicima i dijagnosticiranim teškoćama u razvoju. Istraživanje je provedeno polu-strukturiranim intervjuima s odgojiteljima, te je kao metoda obrade podataka korištena tematska analiza teksta. Dobiveni rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na ključnu ulogu odgojitelja u sustavu rane intervencije pri čemu njihova svakodnevna interakcija s djecom omogućava pravovremeno prepoznavanje razvojnih odstupanja i usmjeravanje djece prema odgovarajućim oblicima intervencije, odnosno stručne pomoći. Međutim, unatoč visokoj motiviranosti i osjetljivosti na potrebe djece, istraživanje je pokazalo kako odgojitelji često ovise o intuitivnim metodama rada zbog nedostatka specijaliziranog znanja stečenog tijekom inicijalnog obrazovanja, te kako im u većini slučajeva nedostaje stručna podrška. Istraživanje ukazuje na nužnost reforme inicijalnog obrazovanja odgojitelja te sustavne podrške kroz kontinuirane edukacije, mentorstvo i transdisciplinarnu suradnju. Unaprjeđenje stručnih kompetencija odgojitelja ključno je za stvaranje inkluzivnog okruženja u dječjim vrtićima koje podržava optimalan razvoj sve djece. Zaključno, na temelju rezultata istraživanja kreirane su preporuke za poboljšavanje usluga rane intervencije u ustanovama za rani i predškolski odgoj i obrazovanje čija bi provedba mogla značajno unaprijediti kvalitetu usluga rane intervencije u dječjim vrtićima te osigurati bolje razvojne ishode za djecu s teškoćama u razvoju.This paper presents a qualitative analysis of preschool teachers experiences in working with children with developmental disabilities and the implementation of early intervention services in early childhood education institutions. The aim of the study was to gain insight into teachers perspectives on their professional role, competencies, the contribution of initial education and practical experience in working with children with disabilities, as well as the challenges and needs for additional training in the process of providing early intervention services to children at developmental risk and those with diagnosed disabilities. The research was conducted using semi-structured interviews with preschool teachers, and thematic text analysis was employed as the data processing method. The findings highlight the crucial role of preaschool teachers in the early intervention system, as their daily interaction with children enables the timely recognition of developmental deviations and the direction of children toward appropriate intervention or professional support. However, despite their high motivation and sensitivity to children's needs, the study revealed that teachers often rely on intuitive working methods due to a lack of specialized knowledge acquired during initial education and that, in most cases, they lack professional support. The study emphasizes the necessity of reforming initial preschool teachers education and the establishment of systematic support through continuous training, mentorship, and transdisciplinary collaboration. Enhancing teachers' professional competencies is essential for creating an inclusive environment in preschools that fosters the optimal development of all children. In conclusion, based on the research findings, recommendations have been formulated to improve early intervention services in early childhood education institutions. Their implementation could significantly enhance the quality of early intervention services in preschools and ensure better developmental outcomes for children with disabilities

    No one buys illness? The relationship between the belief in a just world, duration and subjective sleep quality with emotional empathy in nurses

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    Cilj provedenog istraživanja bio je ispitati predviđaju li dvije dimenzije vjere u pravedan svijet - imanentna i ultimativna pravda te trajanje i subjektivna kvaliteta spavanja emocionalnu empatiju medicinskih sestara i tehničara, te također jesu li trajanje i subjektivna kvaliteta spavanja moderatori u odnosu navedenih varijabli. Istraživanje je provedeno online, a u njemu je sudjelovalo 253 medicinskih sestara i tehničara trenutno zaposlenih u struci, od čega 223 žene i 30 muškaraca, raspona dobi od 19 do 65 godina (M = 37.92, SD = 12.00). Korištene mjere su Skala imanentne pravde, Skala ultimativne pravde, subskale Ukupno trajanje spavanja i Subjektivna kvaliteta spavanja iz Pittsburgh indeksa kvalitete spavanja, te na kraju subskala Emocionalna empatija iz Višefacetnog testa empatije. Rezultati su djelomično potvrdili hipoteze. Dobivena je značajna negativna korelacija imanentne pravde s emocionalnom empatijom, kao i značajna pozitivna korelacija ultimativne pravde s emocionalnom empatijom, no korelacije trajanja i subjektivne kvalitete spavanja s emocionalnom empatijom nisu bile značajne. Imanentna i ultimativna pravda objasnile su statistički značajan udio varijance emocionalne empatije medicinskih sestara i tehničara, no među ispitanim moderatorskim efektima dobiven je samo onaj trajanja spavanja na odnos imanentne pravde i emocionalne empatije. Rezultati istraživanja potkrepljuju dihotomiju između dviju dimenzija vjere u pravedan svijet i po prvi puta ih dovode u vezu s teškoćama spavanja i empatijom zdravstvenih djelatnika. Istraživanje ima praktične implikacije u planiranju edukacijskih i organizacijskih intervencija s ciljem poticanja empatije kao ključnog alata u sestrinstvu.The goal of this study was to examine whether two dimensions of the belief in a just world – immanent and ultimate justice, as well as sleep duration and subjective sleep quality predict emotional empathy in nurses, while also examining if sleep duration and subjective sleep quality are moderators in the relationship between these variables. The study was conducted online, with 253 nurses currently working in the field participating, out of which 223 women, and 30 men, ranging from 19 to 65 years old (M = 37.92, SD = 12.00). The measures used were Belief in Immanent Justice Scale, Belief in Ultimate Justice Scale, subscales Sleep duration and Subjective sleep quality from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and lastly the Emotional empathy subscale from the Multifaceted Empathy Test. The results partially confirmed the hypotheses. A significant negative correlation was found between immanent justice and emotional empathy, as well as a significant positive correlation between ultimate justice and emotional empathy, but the correlations of sleep duration and subjective sleep quality with emotional empathy were not significant. Immanent and ultimate justice explained a statistically significant portion of the variance of emotional empathy in nurses, but out of the examined moderating effects, only one of sleep duration on the relationship between immanent justice and emotional empathy was found. The results of this study corroborate the dichotomy between two dimensions of the belief in a just world and link them with sleep difficulties and empathy of healthcare workers for the first time. The study has practical implications in the planning of educational and organisational interventions with the goal of promoting empathy as a key tool in nursing

    Respiratory manifestations in children with inherited metabolic diseases

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    Nasljedne metaboličke bolesti su monogenske bolesti uzrokovane patogenim varijantama u genima koji kodiraju enzime i transportne proteine nužne za neometano odvijanje metaboličkih procesa u organizmu. Budući da je riječ o bolestima koje najčešće zahvaćaju više organskih sustava, među njima se ističe respiratorni sustav kao jedan od vodećih uzroka morbiditeta i mortaliteta. Respiratorni simptomi u okviru ovih bolesti vrlo su raznoliki i ovise o specifičnom mehanizmu nastanka i vrsti supstrata koji se nakuplja u podležećoj bolesti. Mogu zahvaćati plućni parenhim, dišne putove ili pak respiratornu muskulaturu, bilo kao dio kliničke slike na početku bolesti ili kao kasna komplikacija. Akutni respiratorni simptomi mogu potaknuti dekompenzaciju podležeće metaboličke bolesti, dovodeći do daljnje progresije bolesti i respiratornog zatajenja. Time nerijetko dovode do učestalijih hospitalizacija i značajno povećavaju ukupne troškove liječenja. U ovom radu bit će prikazane najčešće nasljedne metaboličke bolesti koje u svojoj kliničkoj slici uključuju respiratorne simptome. Bolesti su grupirane prema dominantnoj zahvaćenosti na one koje zahvaćaju plućni parenhim, zatim one koje se očituju plućnom hipertenzijom, one koje zahvaćaju pretežito gornje dišne puteve te one koje narušavaju funkciju respiratorne muskulature. Na kraju će biti prikazane i one koje zahvaćaju središnji i periferni živčani sustav te time neizravno utječu na funkciju disanja. Zbog širokog spektra kliničkih manifestacija, osobito je važno pravodobno prepoznati osnovni metabolički poremećaj i odmah započeti odgovarajuće liječenje, kako same bolesti tako i njenih respiratornih komplikacija. Moderna terapijska rješenja, poput enzimskog nadomjesnog liječenja, pokazala su značajan terapijski potencijal, mijenjajući prirodni tijek bolesti, a u pojedinim slučajevima dovodeći i do potpunog kliničkog oporavka. Međutim, s produljenjem preživljenja i promjenom fenotipskih obilježja, javljaju se novi izazovi koji zahtjevaju razvitak novih modaliteta liječenja i prilagodbu postojećih terapijskih opcija.Inherited metabolic diseases are monogenic disorders caused by pathogenic variants in genes encoding enzymes and transport proteins essential for normal metabolic processes in the human body. Since these diseases often affect multiple organ systems, the respiratory system stands out as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Respiratory symptoms in these diseases are highly variable and depend on the underlying pathophysiological mechanism and the specific type of accumulated substrate. They may involve the pulmonary parenchyma, airways, or respiratory musculature, either as an early manifestation or as a late complication. Acute respiratory symptoms may precipitate decompensation of the underlying metabolic disorder, leading to further disease progression and respiratory failure. Consequently, these symptoms result in more frequent hospitalizations and significantly increase the overall treatment costs. This review will discuss the most common inherited metabolic diseases that present with respiratory symptoms. The diseases are grouped according to the predominant site of involvement into those affecting the pulmonary parenchyma, those manifesting as pulmonary hypertension, those primarily involving the upper airways, and those impairing the function of respiratory muscles. Finally, diseases affecting the central and peripheral nervous system, which indirectly influence respiratory function, will also be addressed. Due to the wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, early recognition of the underlying metabolic disorder and prompt initiation of appropriate therapy, for both the primary disease and its respiratory complications, is of utmost importance. Modern therapeutic approaches, such as enzyme replacement therapy, have shown considerable potential by altering the natural course of disease and, in some cases, achieving complete clinical resolution. However, as survival improves and phenotypic presentation changes, new challenges are emerging that demand further development and adaptation of treatment strategies

    COMPARISON OF THE PEDAGOGICAL IDEAS OF JOHANN HEINRICH PESTALOZZI AND FRIEDRICH FRÖBEL

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    Ovaj rad pruža detaljnu analizu pedagoških ideja Johanna Heinricha Pestalozzija i Friedricha Fröbela te njihova utjecaja na području ranog i predškolskog odgoja. Osnovni cilj istraživanja je prikazati njihovu biografiju, temeljne pedagoške koncepte, pogled na dijete i razvoj, kao i doprinos ovih dvaju pedagoga organiziranom odgoju djece. Istraživanje je provedeno neempirijskom metodom, odnosno analizom relevantne znanstvene i stručne literature. Rezultati pokazuju posvećenost obojice pedagoga cjelovitom razvoju djeteta kroz praktični rad, didaktična načela i metode rada u kojima je ključno prilagođavanje prirodnim zakonitostima djetetova razvoja. Pestalozzi je bio posebno usmjeren na odgoj siromašne djece, vjerujući u odgoj kao sredstvo za osnaživanje pojedinaca i postizanje društvene pravde. S druge strane, Fröbel je ostavio neizbrisiv trag kao osnivač prvog dječjeg vrtića, odnosno kindergartena, te je posebno naglasio važnost igre, slobodnog stvaralaštva i socijalne dimenzije odgoja, razvijajući pritom i specifične didaktičke materijale poznate kao „darovi“. Usporedni prikaz njihovih ideja otkriva mnoštvo sličnosti u pristupima, poput naglašavanja uloge obitelji u razvoju djece i važnosti iskustvenog učenja, ali i kritičke osvrte na pojedine aspekte, poput pretjerane strukturiranosti igre. Zaključno, rad ističe da su Pestalozzi i Fröbel svojim neumornim pedagoškim radom i zalaganjem ostavili snažan utjecaj u pedagoškoj praksi te postavili temelje suvremenom predškolskom odgoju usmjerenom na cjeloviti razvoj djeteta.This paper provides a detailed analysis of the pedagogical ideas of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and Friedrich Fröbel and their influence on the field of early childhood and preschool education. The primary aim of the research is to present their biographies, fundamental pedagogical concepts, views on the child and development, as well as the contributions of these two educators to organized child education. The study was conducted using a non-empirical method, specifically through the analysis of relevant scientific and professional literature. The results demonstrate both educators’ dedication to the holistic development of the child through practical work, didactic principles, and teaching methods that emphasize adaptation to the natural laws of child development. Pestalozzi was particularly focused on educating poor children, believing education to be a means of empowering individuals and achieving social justice. On the other hand, Fröbel left an indelible mark as the founder of the first kindergarten and emphasized the importance of play, free creativity, and the social dimension of education, developing specific didactic materials known as “gifts.” The comparative presentation of their ideas reveals many similarities in their approaches, such as highlighting the role of the family in child development and the importance of experiential learning, as well as critical reflections on certain aspects, including the overly structured nature of play. In conclusion, this study highlights how Pestalozzi and Fröbel, through their tireless pedagogical work and commitment, left a strong impact on educational practice and laid the foundations for modern preschool education focused on the holistic development of the child

    Quality management system on a selected example

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    Rad istražuje povijest kvalitete, njen razvoj i važnost upravljanja kvalitetom u poslovanju, s naglaskom na sustave upravljanja kvalitetom kroz međunarodne norme, klasične teorije i praktičnu primjenu u poduzeću Malbee d.o.o, koje se bavi pranjem i obradom hotelskog rublja. Cilj rada je analizirati važnost kvalitete, metode koje osiguravaju kvalitetu u poslovanju, ISO norme te primjenu tih metoda na praktičnom primjeru organizacije Malbee d.o.o. Kvaliteta se definira kao ispunjenje standarda i očekivanja kupaca. Povijest kvalitete datira još iz vremena Aristotela, Hamurabijevog zakonika, cehova u srednjem vijeku do moderne normizacije nakon Drugog svjetskog rata. Integriranje sustava kvalitete u procese kupovanja usluge i procese dobavljača direktno utječe na kvalitetu krajnjeg proizvoda, čime se stvara dodana vrijednost na tržištu. Kontinuirano poboljšanje kvalitete ključno je za inovativnost, dugoročan uspjeh i konkurentnost poduzeća. Sustavi upravljanja kvalitetom uključuju međunarodne ISO norme, dok klasične teorije obuhvaćaju Šest sigma, Kaizen, Total Quality Management i Lean metodologiju. Na praktičnom primjeru organizacije Malbee d.o.o. prikazana je SWOT analiza poduzeća koja prikazuje snage, slabosti, prednosti i prilike na tržištu. Upravljanje kvalitetom u navedenoj organizaciji uključuje implementaciju ISO normi, kontrolu procesa pranja i transporta robe, korištenje ekološki prihvatljivih deterdženata te obuku zaposlenika. Kvaliteta se osigurava kroz jasno definirane poslovne procese, njihovu kontrolu i zaštitu na radu. Kvaliteta je ključan faktor uspjeha i konkurentnosti poduzeća. Implementacijom međunarodnih normi te kontinuiranim unapređenjem poslovnih procesa, poduzeće Malbee d.o.o. može poboljšati svoju uslugu, smanjiti troškove, optimizirati poslovne procese i osigurati konkurentnost, uspjeh i održivo poslovanje na tržištu.The paper explores the history of quality, its development, and the importance of quality management in business, with a focus on quality management systems through international standards, classical theories, and practical application in the company Malbee d.o.o, which deals with washing and processing hotel linen. The aim of the paper is to analyze the importance of quality, methods that ensure quality in business, ISO standards, and the application of these methods in the practical example of the organization Malbee d.o.o. Quality is defined as meeting customer standards and expectations. The history of quality dates back to the times of Aristotle, the Code of Hammurabi, guilds in the Middle Ages, and modern standardization after World War II. Integrating quality systems into service purchasing processes and supplier processes directly affects the quality of the final product, thereby creating added value in the market. Continuous quality improvement is crucial for innovation, long-term success, and competitiveness of the company. Quality management systems include international ISO standards, while classical theories encompass Six Sigma, Kaizen, Total Quality Management, and Lean methodology. The practical example of the organization Malbee d.o.o. presents a SWOT analysis of the company, showing strengths, weaknesses, advantages, and opportunities in the market. Quality management in the mentioned organization includes the implementation of ISO standards, control of washing and transport processes, the use of environmentally friendly detergents, and employee training. Quality is ensured through clearly defined business processes, their control, and occupational safety. Quality is a key factor for the success and competitiveness of the company. By implementing international standards and continuously improving business processes, the company Malbee d.o.o. can improve its service, reduce costs, optimize business processes, and ensure competitiveness, success, and sustainable business in the market

    Visual functioning of children with Prader-Willi syndrome

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    Prader Willi sindrom je rijedak genetski poremećaj koji zahvaća različite aspekte razvoja, uključujući motoričke, kognitivne i senzoričke funkcije. Djeca s ovim sindromom mogu imati i specifične teškoće u vidnom funkcioniranju, koje mogu utjecati na njihovu svakodnevicu, obrazovanje i interakciju s okolinom. Iz tog je razloga važno razumjeti kako dijete koristi svoj vid u različitim okruženjima i u skladu s time planirati individualiziranu podršku u svrhu što boljeg funkcioniranja djeteta. Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati postoje li razlike u vidnom funkcioniranju djeteta s Prader Willi sindromom u različitim okruženjima (školskom i kućnom) kroz prikaz slučaja devetogodišnje djevojčice. Procjena vidnog funkcioniranja provedena je neformalnim metodama, konkretno opservacijom u prirodnim uvjetima, uz korištenje posebno izrađene check-liste. Promatrana su četiri područja: rješavanje zadataka na blizu, komunikacija i interakcija, svakodnevne vještine te orijentacija i kretanje. Opservacije su provedene u lipnju 2024. godine, a prethodno je izvršena i stručna procjena funkcionalnog vida. Rezultati su pokazali da su razlike u vidnom funkcioniranju između dvaju okruženja uglavnom male. Na području zadataka na blizu uočene su razlike u položaju glave te načinu organizacije vizualnog materijala, što se može povezati s osvjetljenjem i rasporedom školskog i kućnog prostora. U komunikaciji i interakciji, vidno funkcioniranje bilo je ujednačeno, s manjim razlikama u kontaktu očima s vršnjacima i odraslima. Na području svakodnevnih vještina funkcioniranje se pokazalo bolje u školskom okruženju, dok je na području orijentacije i kretanja funkcioniranje jednako u oba okruženja. Zaključno, rezultati ukazuju na važnost individualizirane procjene u više konteksta kako bi se osigurale adekvatne prilagodbe za dijete. Posebnu pažnju potrebno je posvetiti vizualnoj organizaciji prostora i materijala kako bi se optimiziralo vidno funkcioniranje djece s Prader Willi sindromom u svakodnevnim aktivnostima.Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects various aspects of development, including motor, cognitive, and sensory functions. Children with this syndrome may also experience specific difficulties in visual functioning, which can impact their daily life, education, and interaction with their surroundings. For this reason, it is important to understand how a child uses their vision in different environments and to plan individualized support accordingly to enhance their overall functioning. The aim of this study was to examine whether differences exist in the visual functioning of a child with Prader-Willi syndrome across different environments (school and home), through a case study of a nine-year-old girl. The assessment of visual functioning was conducted using informal methods, specifically observation in naturalistic settings supported by a custom-designed checklist. Four areas were observed: near-task performance, communication and interaction, daily living skills, and orientation and mobility. Observations took place in June 2024, following a formal functional vision assessment. The results showed that differences in visual functioning between the two environments were generally minor. In the area of near-task performance, variations were noted in head positioning and the organization of visual materials, which may be related to lighting conditions and the spatial arrangement in the school and home settings. In terms of communication and interaction, visual functioning was consistent, with slight differences in eye contact between peers and adults. Daily living skills were found to be better in the school environment, while orientation and mobility were similar across both settings. In conclusion, the results highlight the importance of individualized assessment across multiple contexts to ensure appropriate accommodations for the child. Particular attention should be given to the visual organization of space and materials to optimize the visual functioning of children with Prader-Willi syndrome in everyday activities

    Oral literature and traditional culture of the Vrgorac region

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    Na temelju kazivanja mještana prikupljenih terenski istraživanjem i relevantne literature rad donosi pregled različitih oblika narodne predaje i običaja koji su generacijama prenošeni usmenim putem. Posebna pozornost posvećena je godišnjim ili kalendarskim običajima. Detaljno su prikazani običaji vezani uz advent, Božić, Poklade, korizmu, Uskrs, kao i slavljenja Prvoga svibnja, Sv. Ante, Sv. Petra i Pavla, Gospe Karmelske, Velike i Male Gospe, Sv. Roka, Svih svetih i Dušnoga dana. Navedeni običaji su predstavljeni u svjetlu njihove religijske, društvene i simboličke uloge u lokalnoj zajednici. Drugi dio rada bavi se životnim ili obiteljskim običajima kao što su svadbe, kumstvo, pogrebne prakse, tradicionalna prehrana te gostoprimstvo. Posebno su opisane lokalne delicije kao što su: ćupter, pužarica i bikla, koje su važan dio identiteta vrgorskog kraja. U trećem dijelu prikazani su radni običaji, uključujući tradicijske obrte poput izrade drvenih rukotvorina i lampi, čime se ukazuje na povezanost svakodnevice s funkcionalnom kreativnošću. Značajan dio rada čine i poglavlja o narodnim vjerovanjima, usmenim lirskim pjesmama, mitskim predajama i drugim usmenim pričama koje nude dubok uvid u mentalitet i simbolički svijet lokalnog stanovništva. Ovaj rad doprinosi očuvanju i dokumentiranju bogate kulturne baštine vrgorskoga kraja naglašavajući važnost usmene predaje kao temelja lokalnoga identiteta i kolektivnog pamćenja.Based on oral accounts collected through field research and relevant literature, this thesis provides an overview of various forms of folk traditions and customs that have been passed down orally through generations. Special attention is given to annual or calendar customs. The thesis presents in detail the customs related to Advent, Christmas, Carnival (Poklade), Lent, Easter, as well as the celebrations of May Day, St. Anthony, St. Peter and Paul, Our Lady of Mount Carmel, the Assumption (Velika Gospa), the Nativity of Mary (Mala Gospa), St. Roch, All Saints’ Day, and All Souls’ Day. These customs are interpreted in the context of their religious, social, and symbolic significance within the local community. The second part of the thesis deals with life-cycle or family customs, such as weddings, godparenthood, funeral practices, traditional cuisine, and hospitality. Particular attention is given to local delicacies such as ćupter, pužarica, and bikla, which are an important part of the Vrgorac region’s identity. The third section presents work-related customs, including traditional crafts such as the making of wooden handcrafts and oil lamps, highlighting the connection between daily life and functional creativity. A significant part of the thesis is also devoted to folk beliefs, oral lyrical poetry, mythical traditions, and other oral narratives that offer a deep insight into the mentality and symbolic world of the local population. This work contributes to the preservation and documentation of the rich cultural heritage of the Vrgorac region, emphasizing the importance of oral tradition as a foundation of local identity and collective memory

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