Importance of application of private accomodation quality standards in Republic of Croatia

Privatni smještaj u turizmu Republike Hrvatske ima dugogodišnju tradiciju, a njegovi kapaciteti neprestano rastu. Sve je veći broj privatnih iznajmljivača koji nastoje udovoljiti potrebama rastućeg tržišta i sve većeg broja gostiju. Ipak, kako bi bili konkurentni na tržištu i privukli što veći broj gostiju, privatni iznajmljivači moraju ispuniti određene standarde kvalitete privatnog smještaja. Na taj način mogu dobiti certifikat kojim označavaju svoj objekt. Na tržištu postoji cijeli niz standarda koji su dostupni privatnim iznajmljivačima, no ne posjeduju svi certifikate kvalitete. Oni nisu neophodni za rad privatnih iznajmljivača, već su dodatna oznaka kvalitete i omogućuju bolju prepoznatljivost na tržištu. U ovom radu istražit će se upravo standardi kvalitete u privatnom smještaju te će se analizirati odabrani primjeri dobre prakse u Republici Hrvatskoj – Domus Bonus, Kvarner Family i IQM

Analysis of raw cow's milk sampled in different stages of mastitis by applying 1H and DOSY NMR techniques

Goveđi mastitis je upala mliječnih žlijezda koju najčešće uzrokuju razne patogene bakterije u kombinaciji s ozljedom žljezdanog tkiva kravljeg vimena. Mastitis znatno utječe na sastav mlijeka, jer dolazi do promjene u kvaliteti proteina, sastavu masnih kiselina, broju i vrsti metabolita malih molekulskih masa te koncentraciji laktoze i minerala. Cilj ovog rada je identificirati metabolite u kravljem mlijeku i usporediti sastav sirovog mlijeka zdravih krava (2 skupine) te krava oboljelih od subkliničkog (4 skupine) i kliničkog mastitisa (1 skupina) pomoću tehnika 1H i DOSY (engl. diffusion-ordered spectroscopy) NMR uz supresiju signala otapala primjenom pulsnog slijeda NOESY (engl. nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy). Asignirani su najintenzivniji signali u spektrima 1H NMR te su identificirani najvažniji metaboliti u mlijeku. Analizom spektara DOSY NMR izračunate su vrijednosti translacijskih difuzijskih koeficijenata za identificirane metabolite. Na temelju dobivenih podataka, pojedini uzorci klasificirani su prema stadiju i uzročniku mastitisa. Na kraju su izračunate i uspoređene vrijednosti translacijskih difuzijskih koeficijenata sastojaka mlijeka nakon pohrane uzoraka pri sobnoj temperaturi u različitim vremenskim intervalima.Bovine mastitis is an inflammation of mammary glands usually caused by various pathogenic bacteria combined with the glandular tissue injury of the cow’s udder. Mastitis significantly affects the milk composition, since it changes the protein quality, the fatty acid content, the number and types of small molecule metabolites and the concentrations of lactose and minerals. The goal of this thesis is to identify metabolites in cow’s milk and to compare the composition of raw milk from healthy cows (2 groups) and from cows suffering from subclinical (4 groups) and clinical (1 group) mastitis using 1H and DOSY (diffusion-ordered spectroscopy) NMR techniques with NOESY (nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy)-type solvent suppression. The most intense signals in 1H NMR spectra were assigned and the most important metabolites in milk were identified. By analysing DOSY NMR spectra, the values of translational diffusion coefficients for identified metabolites were calculated. Based on the obtained data, individual samples were classified according to the stage and causative agent of mastitis. Finally, the translational diffusion coefficients of milk constituents were calculated and compared after storage of the samples at room temperature in different time intervals

Examination of biological activity of glycerol-hydroxypropyl-Beta-cyclodextrin extracts of winter savory (Satureja montana L.) rich in phenolic compounds for use in cosmetics and phytopharmacy

Izgledu i zdravlju ljudske kože oduvijek se obraćala velika pozornost. Oksidativni stres, upalne reakcije i kožne bolesti uzrokuju neželjene promjene na koži koje se djelomično mogu regulirati kozmetičkim pripravcima. Ipak, postojeće sastavnice kozmetičkih proizvoda i dalje nisu u mogućnosti eliminirati nedostatke u izgledu kože, pa postoji potreba za otkrivanjem novih terapijskih mogućnosti iz prirodnih izvora. Cilj rada bio je ispitati potencijalni kozmetički učinak ekstrakata primorskog vriska bogatih ukupnim polifenolima i ružmarinskom kiselinom koju su dobiveni ekstrakcijom s glicerolom i hidroksipropil-β-ciklodekstrinom . U ispitivanjima biološke aktivnosti ekstrakti su pokazali izvrsnu antioksidativnu aktivnost, ispitanu pomoću DPPH i redukcijske snage i dobro protuupalno djelovanje određeno ispitivanjem inhibicije enzima lipooksigenaze i denaturacije ovalbumina. Ispitivanje inhibitorne aktivnosti ekstrakata prema enzimima elastazi, tirozinazi i hijaluronidazi pokazalo je da ekstrakti nisu ostvarili značajan stupanj inhibicije elastaze i tirozinaze, no uspješno su inhibirali enzim hijaluronidazu. Zahvaljujući tome ekstrakti biljne vrste S. montana mogu se razmotriti kao potencijalni sastojci u budućim kozmetičkim pripravcima namijenjenima poboljšanju izgleda i zdravlja kože.Great attention has always been given to the appearance and health of human skin. Oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions and skin disorders cause adverse effects on the skin that can be partially regulated with cosmetic products. However, current components of cosmetic products are still not able to entirely eliminate skin imperfections, so there is a need for discovering new therapeutic possibilities from natural sources. The goal of this research was investigation of potential cosmetic effects of winter savory extracts, rich in total polyphenols rosmarinic acid, obtained by extraction with glycerol and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. In biological activity tests, the extracts had excellent antioxidant activity, tested using DPPH and reducing power methods and good anti-inflammatory activity determined by inhibition of lipoxygenase enzyme and ovalbumin denaturation tests. The inhibitory activity of the extracts was tested on the enzymes elastase, tyrosinase and hyaluronidase. The extracts did not achieve a significant degree of inhibition of elastase and tyrosinase, but they successfully inhibited the enzyme hyaluronidase. Thanks to this, extracts of the plant species S. montana can be considered as potential ingredients in future cosmetic products for the appearance and health of the skin

The synthesis of the inerter using acceleration feedback

U ovom radu razmatra se realizacija inertera pomoću negativne povratne veze po relativnom vibracijskom ubrzanju. U prvom dijelu rada prikazan je kratki osvrt na modeliranje vibracijskih sustava, načine suzbijanja vibracija te princip rada inertera uz primjere postojećih izvedbi uređaja. Izveden je matematički model s dva stupnja slobode gibanja (SSG) mehaničkog sustava koji je proširen dinamikom mjernih i pogonskih članova. Promatran je utjecaj dinamike mjernih i pogonskih članova na stabilnost povratne veze. Pokazano je da je sustav bezuvjetno stabilan ako se zanemari dinamika mjernih i pogonskih članova, a ukoliko se ona uzme u obzir, sustav je uvjetno stabilan. Izveden je i numerički model metodom konačnih elemenata sa 100 SSG sa i bez dinamike pogonskih i mjernih članova. Provedena je analiza glavnih formi vibriranja pomoću koje su određene prijenosne funkcije potrebne za usporedbu. Matematički model s dva SSG uspoređen je s numeričkim modelom dobivenim metodom konačnih elemenata. Matematički modeli su verificirani i eksperimentalno.Eksperimentalni postav izrađen je tehnologijom 3D ispisa i opremljen akcelerometrima i elektromehaničkim aktuatorima. Provedena su mjerenja prijenosnih funkcija zatvorenog regulacijskog kruga za određivanje maksimalno postizive inertancije te otvorenog kruga za vrednovanje stabilnosti povratne veze. Mjerenja pokazuju da je stabilnost povratne veze vrlo osjetljiva na dinamičko ponašanje pogonskih i mjernih instrumenata.This thesis deals with the realisation of the inerter using a negative acceleration feedback loop. The first part of the thesis presents a short review of modelling of vibration systems, passive vibration control techniques and the working principle of the inerter with examples of the existing realisations of the device. A mathematical model with two mechanical degrees of freedom (DOF) is derived and expanded to include the dynamics of both sensors and actuators. The impact of the sensor-actuator dynamics on the stability of the feedback loop is studied. It is shown that the active control system is unconditionally stable if the dynamic behaviour of the sensors and the actuators is neglected and that the system becomes conditionally stable if these dynamics are taken into consideration. A numerical model using the finite element method with 100 DOF is also developed both neglecting and considering the sensor-actuator dynamics. Modal analysis is conducted using this model and its results are used to calculate transfer functions needed for the comparison. Mathematical model with 2 DOF is compared to the finite element method model with 100 DOF. Both mathematical models are also validated experimentally. The experimental setup is fabricated using a fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology and is equipped with accelerometers and electrodynamic (voice coil) actuators. Closed loop transfer functions are measured in order to determine the maximum achievable inertance. Open loop transfer functions were also measured for the evaluation of the stability of the feedback loop. The measurements reveal that the stability of the feedback loop is very sensitive to the dynamic behaviour of the sensor/actuator transducers

Automated Generation of Multimodal Image-Text Datasets from Synthetic Images Using Vision-Language Models

Vizualno-jezični modeli (VJM) objedinjuju funkcionalnosti računalnog vida i jezičnih modela, obogaćujući vizualne informacije iz slika kontekstualnim informacijama koje pruža tekst. Međutim, modeli opće namjene nisu optimirani za fotografije snimljene iz zraka, zbog čega su za tu svrhu obično potrebni specijalizirani modeli. U takvim se slučajevima često koriste sintetički podatci, no takav pristup ima ograničenja. U ovome je radu razvijen sustav koji koristi VJM opće namjene kako bi proizveo odgovore na pažljivo osmišljene upite uparene s, kako slikama iz zraka iz stvarnog svijeta, tako i sa sintetičkim slikama iz zraka. Sustav je evaluiran na dvama zadatcima: opisivanje slike odgovorom na pitanje i stvaranje metapodataka. Rezultati ukazuju na učinkovitost sustava u generiranju multimodalnih podataka za slike snimljene iz zraka, pokazujući dublje razumijevanje konteksta vizualnog sadržaja, kao i obećavajuće sposobnosti zaključivanja. Ova opažanja naglašavaju potencijal VJM-ova za primjene u stvarnom svijetu, poput nadzora, akcija traganja i spašavanja, kao i autonomne navigacije te robotike.Vision-language models (VLMs) combine the functionalities of computer vision and language models, which enables them to further enrich visual information available in images with contextual information provided through text. However, general-purpose models are not specifically optimized for aerial imagery, a domain where specialized models are often required. Many resort to using synthetic data in such cases, but this approach has its limitations. In this work, a system using a general-purpose VLM was developed and then used to generate responses based on carefully designed prompts paired with both real-world and synthetic aerial images. The system was evaluated on two tasks: image captioning via visual question answering and metadata generation. Results indicate that the system effectively generates multimodal data for aerial imagery, demonstrating a deeper understanding of context of the visual content, and promising reasoning capabilities. These findings highlight the potential of VLMs in real-world applications such as surveillance, search-and-rescue missions, autonomous navigation, and robotics

Polyseme somatische Lexeme im Kroatischen und Deutschen

U ovome diplomskome radu analizira se pojava polisemije u somatskih leksema, odnosno leksema koji označavaju dijelove ljudskog tijela u hrvatskome i njemačkome jeziku. Polisemija ili višeznačnost ostvaruje se trima osnovnim mehanizmima: leksičkom metaforom, leksičkom metonimijom i leksičkom sinegdohom. Sastavljen je dvojezični katalog sekundarnih, odnosno izvedenih značenja hrvatskih i njemačkih polisemnih somatskih leksema na temelju proučavanja jednojezičnih rječnika hrvatskoga i njemačkoga jezika te dvojezičnih hrvatsko-njemačkih i njemačko-hrvatskih rječnika. Na osnovi toga kataloga analizira se kojim su leksičkim mehanizmom sekundarna značenja nastala, koji su načini prijenosa imena najčešći te, konačno, koje su sličnosti i razlike među sekundarnim značenjima polisemnih somatskih leksema u hrvatskome i njemačkome.This paper analyzes the phenomenon of polysemy in somatic lexemes, i.e. lexemes denoting parts of the human body, in Croatian and German languages. Polysemy (multiple meanings) is achieved through three basic mechanisms: lexical metaphor, lexical metonymy and lexical synecdoche. A bilingual catalog of secondary or derived meanings of Croatian and German polysemous somatic lexemes has been compiled based on the study of monolingual Croatian and German dictionaries as well as bilingual Croatian-German and German-Croatian dictionaries. Based on that catalog, an analysis is made of the mechanism by which the secondary meanings have arisen, which modes of transfer are most frequent and, finally, what similarities and differences there are between the secondary meanings of polysemous somatic lexemes in Croatian and German.In dieser Diplomarbeit wird das Phänomen der Polysemie in somatischen Lexemen, d.h. Lexemen, die Teile des menschlichen Körpers bezeichnen, in der kroatischen und deutschen Sprache analysiert. Polysemie (Mehrfachbedeutung) wird durch drei grundlegende Mechanismen erreicht: lexikalische Metapher, lexikalische Metonymie und lexikalische Synekdoche. Auf der Grundlage des Studiums einsprachiger kroatischer und deutscher Wörterbücher sowie zweisprachiger kroatisch-deutscher und deutsch-kroatischer Wörterbücher wurde ein zweisprachiger Katalog sekundärer oder abgeleiteter Bedeutungen polysemer somatischer Lexeme des Kroatischen und Deutschen erstellt. Auf der Basis dieses Katalogs wird analysiert, durch welchen Mechanismus die sekundären Bedeutungen entstanden sind, welche Übertragungsarten am häufigsten vorkommen und schließlich, welche Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede es zwischen den sekundären Bedeutungen polysemer somatischer Lexeme im Kroatischen und im Deutschen gibt

The Role of Rapid Curing on the Interrelationship Between Temperature Rise, Light Transmission, and Polymerisation Kinetics of Bulk-Fill Composites

The first seconds of light curing are crucial for the development of most properties of dental composites, especially for the 3s high-irradiance curing. This study investigated the influence of rapid high-irradiance curing on temporal development of temperature, transmittance and conversion of bulk-fill composites. Four materials were tested: Filtek One (FO), Tetric PowerFill (PFill), Tetric PowerFlow (PFlow) and SDR flow+ (SDR+) and cured with three curing units (LCU): Valo Cordles, Bluephase PowerCure and Translux Wave in 3s (3 W/cm2), 10s (1 W/cm2) and 20s (1 W/cm2) curing protocols. Light transmittance was measured at 2 and 4 mm, while temperature rise and polymerisation kinetics were evaluated at 4 mm depth during 5 min. Both light transmittance and temperature rise were greatest for SDR+ > PFlow > PFill > FO. The 20s curing protocol resulted in the highest degree of conversion (DC) for all materials and LCUs, but also contributed to the greatest temperature rise. Rapid curing with the 3s protocol caused the lowest temperature rise and the shortest time to reach maximum temperature. The polymerisation and temperature kinetics were strongly dependent on the material. The DC of PFill was statistically similar for 3s, 10s or 20s curing with BPC. Rapid curing is only recommended for materials developed for this purpose

Determinants of the security risk management in middle and large companies in the segment of the national critical infrastructure of the Republic of Croatia in accordance to ISO 31000:2018

U ovom se doktorskom radu primjenom metoda multivarijatne statističke analize empirijski istražuje pretpostavljeni teorijski odnos između odrednica primjene norme ISO 31000:2018 i upravljanja sigurnosnim rizicima u srednjim i velikim poduzećima iz segmenta nacionalne kritične infrastrukture Republike Hrvatske. Također, istražuje se utjecaj bihevioralnih vanjskih odrednica i bihevioralnih unutarnjih odrednica na implementaciju temeljnih principa norme ISO 31000:2018. Poseban se naglasak stavlja na definiranje institucionalnih čimbenika za implementaciju norme ISO 31000:2018 te njihove povezanosti sa zrelosti upravljanja sigurnosnim rizicima u kontekstu poduzeća iz segmenta nacionalne kritične infrastrukure. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da stupanj implementacije i primjene norme ISO 31000:2018 ima značajan i pozitivan utjecaj na zrelost upravljanja sigurnosnim rizicima u srednjim i velikim poduzećima iz segmenta nacionalne kritične infrastrukture. Osim toga, rezultati pokazuju i da viša razina bihevioralnih unutarnjih čimbenika i viša razina bihevioralnih vanjskih čimbenika imaju značajan i pozitivan utjecaj na stupanj implementiranosti temeljnih odrednica norme ISO 31000:2018.This doctoral dissertation investigates the impact of institutional determinants of the ISO 31000:2018 standard and behavioral determinants on the management of security risks in business operations in medium and large companies that, according to the national classification belong to one of the sectors of the national critical infrastructure of the Republic of Croatia. Although there are studies in the recent literature that study the relationship between the implementation of the ISO 31000:2018 standard and behavioral factors, a comprehensive analysis of their interrelationship and impact on the management of security risks in business has not yet been made. This doctoral dissertation is therefore providing an answer to the question of how and to what extent different behavioral factors and institutional determinants of the ISO 31000:2018 standard affect the management of security risks in medium and large companies from the national critical infrastructure sector of the Republic of Croatia. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between all examined constructs. A higher expression of the institutional dimension, both at the overall level and at the level of sub-dimensions, and especially the sub-dimension of acceptance of the basic principles of the ISO standard 31000:2018, was associated with a more pronounced management of security risks, both at the level of the overall result, and and at the level of subdimensions. A higher expression of the behavioral external dimension, at the overall level, as well as at the level of both subdimensions, was associated with a higher expression of the institutional dimension at the overall level and at the level of the subdimensions. When it comes to the behavioral internal dimension, its higher expression was also associated with a higher expression of the institutional dimension, at the overall level and at the sub-dimension level. Finally, a positive connection was established between the two behavioral dimensions, as well as the connection of each of them with the maturity level of the security risk management process. The application of the basic principles of security risk management was statistically significantly positively related to all aspects of security risk management. In other words, a higher level of implementation of the application of basic principles was associated with higher knowledge, identification and analysis, response, supervision and cooperation, which confirmed hypothesis 1 of this doctoral dissertation. The above was elaborated in more detail, by elements of evaluating the maturity of security risk management, and a statistically significant correlation of the implementation and application of the basic principles of the ISO 31000:2018 standard with all the elements used to evaluate the maturity of security risk management is visible. The results of the conducted scientific research not only deepen the understanding of the security risk management process, but also emphasize the importance of implementing norms and respecting behavioral factors in this specific business segment. In addition, differences were identified between the degree of implementation of the norm in medium-sized and large companies from the national critical infrastructure segment, and differences in the results of the analysis of behavioral determinants depending on the size of the company are also very clearly visible. The results of this research have the potential to be important for future research in the field of security risk management in companies from the segment of national critical infrastructure

Vizualizacija podataka u istraživačkim projektima : radne bilježnice

Materijali korišteni na radionici "Vizualizacija podataka u istraživačkim projektima" u okviru konferencije Srce DEI 2025

In vitro mucoadhesion studies of nasal pectin gels

Nazalna dostava lijekova je brzo rastuće područje. Mukoadhezivni i/ili in situ gelirajući polimeri omogućuju nazalnim formulacijama prevladavanje učinka mukocilijarnog čišćenja, produljenim zadržavanjem lijeka na sluznici. Procjena mukoadhezivnosti stoga je važan korak u razvoju nazalnih farmaceutskih oblika. In vitro/ex vivo metode razvijaju se kao prikladnije alternative in vivo ispitivanjima te danas postoji velik broj različitih metoda za tu namjenu, uključujući metode vlačnog naprezanja i nagnute ploče. Složeni proces mukoadhezije ograničava predviđanja in vitro ispitivanjima, a nedostatak standardizacije metoda otežava usporedbu rezultata između različitih studija. Prema tome, bolje poznavanje postojećih metoda i mehanizama mukoadhezije potrebno je za unaprjeđenje ispitivanja i optimizaciju nazalnih formulacija. Cilj ovog rada bio je evaluirati metodu nagnute ploče za ispitivanje mukoadhezivnosti pektinskih gelova. Tumačenje je upotpunjeno testom vlačnog naprezanja na analizatoru teksture, kojim je ispitan i utjecaj uklapanja lijeka na mukoadhezivnost gelova, te rotacijskim reološkim testom. U tu svrhu pripremljeni su pektinski in situ gelirajući sustavi, koncentracije 1,0 i 1,5 % (m/m), bez i sa uklopljenim prednizolonom (0,2 %, m/m), i kitozanski gel (2,5 %, m/m) kao kontrolni uzorak. Geliranje pektinskih sustava potaknuto je miješanjem sa SNF-om u volumnom omjeru 1:1. Metoda nagnute ploče pokazala se prikladnom za ispitivanje mukoadhezivnosti pektinskih gelova. Omogućila je diferencijaciju pektinskih gelova s obzirom na mukoadhezivnost, pri čemu se mukoadhezivnijim pokazao gel pripravljen iz koncentriranije otopine pektina. S druge je strane potvrđena njena ograničena primjena u ispitivanju mukoadhezivnosti viskoznih uzoraka, kao što je kitozanski gel, zbog značajnog utjecaja reoloških svojstava na profil zadržavanja na nagnutoj ploči. Istaknuta je i potreba za optimiranjem izvedbenih parametara metode, poput kuta nagiba i količine uzorka, prema ispitivanoj formulaciji. Testom vlačnog naprezanja potvrđena je mukoadhezivnost ispitivanih gelova, a razlike u rezultatima u odnosu na metodu nagnute ploče pripisane su različitim temperaturama ispitivanja (redom 25°C i 34°C). Utjecaj uklapanja lijeka na mukoadhezivnost pektinskih gelova ovisio je o koncentraciji pektina u geliranom sustavu. Reološkim ispitivanjem potvrđeno je pseudoplastično ponašanje gelova i veća osjetljivost pektinskih gelova na deformaciju u odnosu na kitozanski gel. Pad temperature imao je izraženiji utjecaj na povećanje viskoznosti koncentriranijeg pektinskog gela. Kombinacija metode nagnute ploče, vlačnog naprezanja i reološkog ispitivanja omogućila je bolje razumijevanje mukoadhezivnog karaktera gelova i čimbenika koji na nju utječu.Nasal drug delivery is a rapidly growing field. Mucoadhesive and/or in situ gelling polymers help nasal formulations overcome the mucociliary clearance by prolonging drug retention on the mucosa. Assessing mucoadhesion is, therefore, crucial in nasal dosage form development. In vitro/ex vivo methods are being developed as more suitable alternatives to in vivo testing, and today, a large number of different methods exist for this purpose, including tensile stress and inclined plane methods. The complexity of mucoadhesion limits the predictive ability of in vitro tests, and the lack of standardization among methods makes it difficult to compare results across different studies. Thus, a better understanding of existing methods and the mechanisms of mucoadhesion is necessary to improve testing and optimize nasal formulations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclined plane method for assessing the mucoadhesiveness of pectin gels. The interpretation was supplemented with a tensile stress test using a texture analyzer, which also examined the effect of drug incorporation on gel mucoadhesiveness, as well as a rotational rheological test. For this purpose, in situ gelling pectin systems were prepared at concentrations of 1.0 % and 1.5 % (w/w), with and without incorporated prednisolone (0.2 %, w/w), along with a chitosan gel (2.5 %, w/w) as a control sample. Gelation of the pectin systems was induced by mixing with simulated nasal fluid (SNF) in a 1:1 volume ratio. The inclined plane method proved to be suitable for assessing the mucoadhesiveness of pectin gels. It enabled differentiation of pectin gels based on their mucoadhesiveness, with the gel prepared from the more concentrated pectin solution exhibiting greater adhesion. However, its limited applicability to highly viscous samples, such as chitosan gel, was confirmed due to the significant influence of rheological properties on the retention profile on the inclined plane. The need for optimizing methodological parameters, such as the angle of inclination and sample volume, according to the tested formulation, was also highlighted. The tensile stress test confirmed the mucoadhesiveness of the tested gels, while differences in results compared to the inclined plane method were attributed to different testing temperatures (25°C and 34°C, respectively). The effect of drug incorporation on the mucoadhesiveness of pectin gels depended on the pectin concentration in the gelled system. Rheological test confirmed the pseudoplastic behavior of the gels and showed greater sensitivity of pectin gels to deformation compared to the chitosan gel. A decrease in temperature had a more pronounced effect on increasing the viscosity of the more concentrated pectin gel. The combination of the inclined plane method, tensile stress testing, and rheological test provided a better understanding of the mucoadhesive properties of the gels and the factors influencing them