The EDA-Workshop “Radar Signatures & EM Benchmarks” - A Scientific Forum for Comparison and Evaluation of EM Simulations

The workshop “Radar Signatures & EM Benchmarks” has been established by the European Defence Agency (EDA) in 2017, with the aim of bringing together scientific experts in the field of electromagnetic scattering simulations, specifically in the context of radar signatures. The 3rd workshop was held in 2023, and a few months prior to the workshop, several test cases were published, which served as benchmarks to compare results obtained by different simulation codes. It turned out that such activities are extremely important for the community, both for the comparison of simulation results and evaluation of tools as well as for the interesting discussions among the leading experts in the field. This paper will provide insights into the workshop by presenting some of the recent test cases and showing some exemplary evaluation of the data computed by the participant

Modeling and Simulation of Lithium-Ion Batteries with Silicon Anode and Ionic Liquid Electrolyte

We owe the ubiquity of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and therefore much of our modern lifestyle, to the continuous development and improvement of this electrochemical energy storage technology. The latest approaches are pursuing the integration of novel materials with higher storage capacity, above all silicon. Here, especially nanostructured silicon anodes are promising due to their higher intrinsic stability. With their large electrochemical window, ionic liquids are an excellent counterpart to such low-potential anodes. Furthermore, the safety of LIBs is a prominent issue which can be addressed by applying non-flammable ionic liquids. Modeling and simulation support the development of such next-generation batteries. Modeling strategies based on physical and chemical concepts provide intrinsic understanding of the components. This thesis focuses on thermodynamically consistent transport theories for the description of different materials relevant for LIBs. This includes the application of a transport theory for highly concentrated electrolytes like ionic liquids and a chemo-mechanically coupled model for deforming anode materials like silicon. The theories include important aspects of the respective materials to accurately capture their transport behavior under operating conditions. Special attention is given to the relevance of reference frames. A variation of the electrolyte transport theory in the center-of-volume frame of reference is presented - in contrast to the widespread center-of-mass reference frame. This volume-based theory is applied to experimental measurements of ion mobilities obtained via electrophoretic nuclear magnetic resonance (eNMR). This method is powerful since it directly detects ion mobilities in highly concentrated electrolytes. The volume-based reference frame describes the experimental findings from ionic liquids and ionic liquid mixtures best. It was found that the relevant boundary condition in the eNMR setup is a vanishing volume flux in contrast to a vanishing momentum flux. On that basis, the focus is brought to transference numbers, which are frame-dependent transport parameters. They are not only an important performance indicator for electrolytes but also a necessary input for physics-based simulations. Transference numbers in different reference frames are presented together with the respective transformation rules. Finally, ionic liquids and silicon anodes are combined into a full cell modeling framework using the respective transport theories. Here, eNMR measurements provide some of the important input parameters for the ionic liquid electrolyte mixture. A volume-averaged 1d+1d modeling framework is used to study in particular different aspects of a silicon nanowire anode. Physics-based simulations enable the visualization of usually inaccessible quantities like for example the stress distribution in the anode. Nanostructured materials are beneficial due to the slow lithium-ion diffusion in silicon. Nevertheless, it is important to consider the volumetric expansion of silicon when simulating such anodes. Parameter studies on certain anode geometry parameters highlight the importance of supplying sufficient pore space for the volumetric expansion of silicon even with nanostructured anodes

Aufbau der Signalerzeugung und Untersuchungen zur Implementierung eines W-Band-FMCW-Radars in ein hochagiles abbildendes Fernerkundungssystem

Im Rahmen des Masterprojektes für den Aufbau und die Implementierung des W-Band-FMCW-Radars sind folgende Arbeiten vorgesehen: • Aufbau und Test einer Basisband-LO-Signalerzeugung für ein vorhandenes W-Band-FMCW-Radarmodul aus einzelnen Evaluationsbausteinen, • Kompakte Integration der ausgewählten Signalerzeugungsbausteine auf einer Platine, • Entwicklung der Ansteuerung der Signalerzeugung über einen Minicontroller, • Stationäre Tests des FMCW-Radars mit der entwickelten Signalerzeugung, wenn nötig Fehleranalysen und Optimierung, • Identifikation und Programmierung eines geeigneten Datenerfassungssystems, • Implementierung des Radars in das (langsame) Abbildungssystem ABOSCA und erste Testmessungen, • Entwicklung eines Prozessors zur geeigneten Radardatenauswertung und Bilddarstellung, • Theoretische Betrachtungen zu Einflüssen der schnellen mechanisch geschwenkten Bildpunktabtastung (2 Hz Bildrate) auf das Radarsignal, messtechnische Verifikation und mögliche Kompensierung der Effekte im Bild

Human Factors-Centric Validation of a Security Management System in a Linked Critical Infrastructures Environment

This work reports the human factors-related validation results of a security system for the protection of linked critical infrastructures (CIs) against combined cyber-physical attacks. Attacks of any kind on CIs have increased in number and complexity. In order to prevent or mitigate interruption of services to the public, the protection of CIs is of high importance. As an evolution of recent security research on single and linked CIs, the EU H2020 project PRAETORIAN adopted a holistic security management approach that addressed linked CIs with one overarching toolset. The PRAETORIAN toolset is specifically designed to support security managers of CIs in their decision-making processes. It enables them to anticipate, manage, and withstand potential cyber, physical, or combined security threats that could target their own infrastructures, as well as other interconnected CIs. These threats could have a substantial impact on the operational performance or service provision of these infrastructures and potentially compromise the safety and security of the population residing in their vicinities. The toolset consists of four primary systems: The Physical Situation Awareness (PSA) system, the Cyber Situation Awareness (CSA) system, the Hybrid Situation Awareness (HAS) system, and the Coordinated Response (CR) system. Central to the toolset is the Interoperability Platform (IOP), which interconnects all the modules within the PRAETORIAN toolset. This interconnection facilitates seamless information exchange across all systems and modules, ensures efficient data storage, prevents the duplication of data between modules, replicates any changes made, and avoids potential inconsistencies. This integration is crucial for providing unified data accessibility across the entire platform and to obtain a clear nomenclature for events and situations across the different infrastructure domains. Each system is composed of multiple modules. This document offers only a brief overview of each system, comprehensive and detailed explanation of the toolset's architecture can be obtained from the corresponding cited documents within the full paper. The focus of the system validation was put on the assessment of operators' feedback about the PRAETORIAN system (the toolset). In four exercises, potential attack scenarios were presented to groups of selected operators along with demonstrations of the PRAETORIAN tools. Feedback was collected using questionnaires, debriefing questions and open questions throughout the presented scenario. The key validation results show that the system could offer benefits for cross-infrastructure security management, but that improvements relating to systems and HMIs, procedures and responsibilities are required