The Organisation of Ceramic Production in China from the Tang to the Ming Dynasties

The aim of this thesis is to use archaeological evidence to investigate the changing organisation of ceramic production in China from the Tang to the Ming dynasties (7th to 17th centuries). To do this the research applies statistical methods and GIS-based analysis to a data set from published sources of 2,379 production sites, located in major ceramic-producing areas, including Henan, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, as well as 259 workshops identified at 97 sites across China. The thesis thus proposes a detailed outline of the organisation of production from the regional to the site level. At the regional level, the study explores the distribution of Ceramic Manufacturing Sites, the formation of Regional Production Centres, and the selection of product types, and how environmental and socio-economic factors influenced regional production patterns. The findings reveal that southern China generally exhibited a more dynamic pattern of regional development than the north, with socio-economic factors such as transport accessibility, labour availability, and market demand playing an increasingly significant role in shaping production landscapes. At the site level, the spatial arrangement of facilities within workshops reveals two distinct Workshop Types, each reflecting different levels of labour specialisation. The distribution of kilns and workshops indicates three Organisation Models, representing a spectrum from small-scale cooperation to highly specialised, site-wide collaboration. A general trajectory towards larger-scale and more specialised production is observed. This research presents the first large-scale quantitative synthesis of this topic, supported by GIS visualisation. It sheds light on long-term developmental patterns in regional production, labour organisation, and specialisation within the Chinese ceramic industry, offering new insights into the evolving structure of ceramic production

Exploring Early Childhood Teachers’ Occupational Well-Being Experiences within Professional Learning Communities: A Mixed-Methods Study in Mainland China

Background and Aim Professional Learning Communities (PLCs) hold significant potential in promoting the occupational well-being (OWB) of early childhood educators. OWB experiences encompass not only individual professional skills but also the relationships and organisational support available within PLCs. Despite this holistic approach, the literature revealed a significant lack of interdisciplinary theoretical frameworks and mixed-methodological research to investigate teachers’ experiences of OWB within PLCs in mainland China, particularly within early childhood settings. Specifically, this study aimed to first examine the correlation between PLCs and OWB. It also focused on how different PLC practices shaped early childhood teachers’ experiences of OWB, with the goal of informing the conceptualisation and implementation of diverse PLCs that enhance their OWB. Design and Methods Grounded in pragmatist ontology, this thesis employed an exploratory sequential mixed-methods approach: a survey followed by in-depth interviews (Quan→QUAL). The literature review advocated for a holistic approach to OWB, viewing it as a multi-dimensional phenomenon, including philosophical, physiological, psychosocial, and social-cultural aspects. Spaces of Well-being Theory (SoWT) was utilised to theorise the multi-dimensional relationship between PLCs and OWB, implicating that PLCs can serve as integrated spaces to enhance teachers’ holistic OWB. The survey employed a sample of 772 early childhood educators in urban Chengdu to examine the prevalence, variability, and correlations between PLCs and OWB. Survey data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and hierarchical regression analysis. The interview method conducted four focus groups with sixteen teachers and nine one-on-one interviews featuring two principals and seven teachers, reflecting diverse demographic characteristics. The thematic analysis of the interview data was used to examine teachers’ and principals’ perceived factors of PLCs that impact teachers’ OWB. Meanwhile, ideal-type analysis was employed to compare the similarities and differences among the previously identified factors within PLCs, thereby guiding the conceptualisation and operationalisation of different PLC types that can enhance teachers’ OWB. Findings This thesis has sought a practically applicable holistic conceptualisation of early childhood educators’ OWB in Chinese context, to elucidate the implications for preschools in the conceptualisation and operationalisation of a PLC culture approach. The survey results revealed a significant positive multi-dimensional relationship between PLCs and preschool teachers’ OWB to address research question one. The subsequent interview results redefined OWB from a multi-dimensional conceptulisation to a more entangled and dynamic manner to answer research question two. The interview methods further identified seven key themes (perceived factors) that shape their OWB: collegial support, unity of purpose, collaborative leadership, relationships, holistic professional development, recognition of teachers as agents, and supportive services. The thesis then synthesised and integrated these seven themes into three ideal-type PLCs: the Autonomous PLC, the Structured PLC, and the Sustainable PLC. Specifically, three ideal-type PLCs, viewed as assemblages of individual, relational and community practices, were identified as having the potential to enhance teachers’ holistic OWB in response to research question three. Ultimately, by integrating these mixed-methodological results, this thesis proposed that the research agenda on OWB should be redefined to adopt a comprehensive and holistic PLC framework synergistically that shapes teachers’ OWB in a holistic and dynamic way

Hybridity, hierarchy, and couleur rabelaisienne: the afterlives of François Rabelais on the late nineteenth-century Parisian lyric stage (1855-1895)

This thesis examines the late nineteenth-century lyric afterlife of the sixteenth-century writer François Rabelais by examining the four musico-theatrical ‘adaptations’ of his works that appeared on the lyric stages of Paris between 1855 and 1895. These are: Théodore Labarre and Henri Trianon’s Pantagruel (1855); Hervé, Clairville, and Octave Gastineau’s Panurge (1879); Louis Ganne, Oscar Méténier, and Jean-Louis Dubut de Laforest’s Rabelais (1892); and Robert Planquette, Henri Meilhac, and Albert de Saint-Albin’s Panurge (1895). On the basis of this material, the thesis addresses wider questions about the nature of the reception and reproduction of cultural artefacts. It interrogates the relationship between Rabelais’s texts and biography, their late nineteenth-century lyric afterlives, the period’s lyric culture (particularly its genre hierarchies), and ideas about the writer’s life and works that were in currency during that time. As well as using Rabelais’s reception in the nineteenth century as a tool with which to unravel some of the panoply of potential interpretations of his texts, this thesis demonstrates that in nineteenth-century imaginaries both Rabelais’s life and works were considered stylistic, registral, and social hybrids. This heterogeneity is the basis for what I term couleur rabelaisienne: in other words, a mode of historical representation that intersects literary and historical aesthetic discourses closely associated with Rabelais’s works and biography, particularly their supposed stylistic and social hybridity. Alongside its study of Rabelais’s lyric posterity, this thesis makes a case for an approach to the phenomenon we now call ‘adaptation’ that remains sensitive to details of its theorisation through history. By offering more flexible frameworks through which to deconstruct, reshape, and subvert the hierarchies implied in terms like ‘source’ and ‘adaptation’, I seek to open new avenues for understanding the myriads of ways in which cultural artefacts interrelate

Gendered Spirituality within Female Monastic Space in Britain, c. 800-1300

This study seeks to explore the monastic spirituality of women in England from the early to high medieval periods, approximately 800-1300 CE, through the analysis of their material culture, primarily their books, bodies, and buildings – evidence of their existence and participation within monasticism. The foundation of this project is understanding how gender functioned within medieval female monasticism as such to influence and inform feminine spirituality. Constructing medieval ideas of gender within a monastic setting is crucial and it is not possible to do this without using the ideas of post-modern gender theorists. Yet it is a fine line to walk, analysing materials without imposing the modern on the medieval. The strategy is to acknowledge and understand the ‘mess’. Early within Gender Trouble, Butler states: ‘Gender is not always constituted coherently or consistently in different historical contexts.’ This is especially true in the medieval context, where culturally accepted meanings of gender identities are often contradictory, even as simple binaries abound. By establishing relevant discourse on medieval conceptions of gender and sex – and also understanding how certain gender-based ideologies continued to inform the study of the period – fragments of female participation in the material culture of their own spirituality becomes visible

Strain Sensors Fabricated From Conductive Polymer Composites

Strain sensors are vital tools for ensuring the safety, performance, and efficiency of a wide range of systems and structures. There is a need for low cost yet highly sensitive strain sensors, as this is not available in the current commercial market. Conductive Polymer Composites (CPC) have the potential to fulfil this requirement due to their good processability, cost-effectiveness and tunable electrical properties. However, despite significant progress in recent years, there are still areas of CPC-based strain gauges which require further research before they can be used for practical applications. This thesis investigates carbon black and flexible epoxy resin (CB/epoxy) composites for use as strain sensors. The CB/epoxy composites are fabricated using a method which is low cost and easily scalable, and during environmental testing found to have a Temperature Coefficient of Resistance just three times the magnitude of traditional metallic strain sensors. The CB/epoxy composites are tested under cyclic strain and calculated to have a Gauge Factor (GF) up to eight times that of typical metallic strain gauges. Thin-film metallic strain gauges are also fabricated, analysed and tested under cyclic strain to provide a reference against conventional strain gauge technology. A design of a Rig for testing strain gauges under cyclic strain is also presented. A model for the electrical properties of the CPCs under strain is developed in order to give insight into the microscopic mechanisms that determine GF, offering a valuable potential tool for optimising CPC compositions to achieve enhanced performance. Currently few simulations exist for modelling the piezoresistive properties of CPCs. This thesis not only validates the potential of CPCs as a viable alternative to conventional strain gauges, but also lays the groundwork for further innovation in the design of highly-sensitive, cost-effective strain sensors

Framing Charles Fellows's Lycian Collection in the British Museum: Geopolitics and Cultural Identities in the 19th Century

This PhD dissertation investigates the framing of Lycia in the 19th century, with particular attention to the collection and reception of the Lycian antiquities in the British Museum. The analysis begins with a historical contextualisation of the period, focusing first on how Charles Fellows, a middle-class gentleman from a mercantile family, endeavoured to establish authority in antiquarianism by utilising his discoveries in Lycia and offering his services to the Trustees of the British Museum in collecting antiquities for the Museum. This requires a comprehensive understanding of Victorian Britain, during which the middle class was gradually finding a place in society through reforms such as the 1832 Reform Act and the expansion of educational and professional opportunities. Yet, it was still not fully accepted in elite and aristocratic circles. The analysis then turns to the process of acquiring a firman (an imperial decree) from the Ottomans, which permitted the collection of the Lycian antiquities. This study contextualises the firman within the broader geopolitics of the Ottoman Mediterranean, thus also discussing the dynamics of Anglo-Ottoman relations in the first half of the 19th century. The analysis demonstrates how British influence was effective at the Ottoman court, relying on colonial leverage and the deterrent power of the Royal Navy. This section also raises the question of why the Ottomans allowed Britain to remove a substantial number of antiquities from Lycia, and how they themselves framed antiquities within their imperial territory in the broader context of Franco-British competition over antiquities collecting since the beginning of the century. From this point, the study focuses on how the Lycian antiquities were collected through two military-backed expeditions between 1841–1842 and 1843–1844. In these expeditions, the Royal Navy not only transported the antiquities from the region but also excavated and dismantled them. Fellows was a key figure in these operations, superintending activities in the field. This section explores the role of collecting Lycian antiquities in the transition from early antiquarian methods to proto-archaeological practices, considering their impact on the value and integrity of the monuments. Once the antiquities arrived at the British Museum, new debates emerged concerning their display. From its founding in 1759 until the arrival of the Lycian collection, the Museum had followed an exhibition doctrine that prioritised picturesque ideals, aiming to present antiquities in an aesthetic manner while showcasing their Hellenic features. This approach was shaped by Britain’s appropriation of Classical Greek civilisation, in cultural competition with France, which—by contrast—focused on Roman heritage under Napoleon. The Lycian antiquities, with their Near Eastern and local iconographic elements, did not fit neatly into this model. This dissertation investigates how the Museum framed these antiquities and examines Fellows’s role in pushing the institution to shift its approach from an aesthetic to a more ‘scientific’ one, prioritising historical context over the beau idéal in display. The final part of the dissertation explores how the exhibition doctrine of the British Museum evolved towards a perceived scientific approach based on constructing a ‘Great Chain of Art’, following Winckelmann. It examines the context of the Lycian antiquities, considering whether they were seen as a link in that chain or relegated to the periphery. It also discusses the dismantling of their dedicated gallery in light of shifting attitudes in museums and archaeology towards the end of the century

Impact of Precipitation on Millimetre Wave Fixed Links and Mobile Measurement

Millimetre wave communication stands at the forefront of technological innovation, underpinning the development of fifth-generation and subsequent communication networks. Despite its promise, the propagation characteristic of millimetre wave radio links is significantly compromised by rain attenuation, an important factor during link budget calculations. This thesis undertakes a comprehensive investigation into the impact of precipitation on mmWave fixed links and mobile measurements, combining empirical weather data analysis with advanced channel sounding techniques to unravel the dynamics between rainfall and signal attenuation. Central to this research is the deployment of a PWS100 laser disdrometer, a high-resolution meteorological instrument, to capture annual rainfall statistics encompassing intensity, duration, and drop size distribution (DSD). Complementing this, an advanced channel sounder operating at 25.84 GHz (K-band) and 77.52 GHz (E-band) was implemented to measure real-time signal attenuation across a 35-meter terrestrial link. These datasets enable an examination of how raindrop microphysics such as size, velocity, and the interaction with electromagnetic waves at mmWave frequencies. This thesis evaluates established DSD models, including the Marshall-Palmer exponential model, log-normal distribution, and gamma distribution, to assess their fidelity in representing observed rainfall patterns in the Durham region, UK. While the Marshall-Palmer model offers simplicity, its limitations in capturing small-droplet dominance (<1.5 mm) under stratiform rain conditions are highlighted. On the other hand, the gamma distribution demonstrates superior adaptability to diverse rain regimes, accommodating both the skewed droplet populations of convective storms and the narrower spectra of prolonged stratiform events. This finding underscores the necessity of region-specific DSD model calibration, particularly in temperate climates characterized by mixed precipitation types. This thesis encompasses annual statistics of rain events, focusing on intensity, duration, and drop size distribution. This thesis employs various distribution models, including the Marshall and Palmer, log-normal, and gamma distribution models, to fit the collected DSD data and evaluate their suitability for representing rainfall patterns. A key finding of this thesis is the significant role of the wet antenna effect on short communication links and the importance of selecting appropriate scattering methods for the calculation of rain attenuation. The study reveals that the ITU-530 model may not be entirely suitable for short links and that a combination of Mie and Rayleigh scattering methods provides more accurate predictions for millimetre wave frequencies. Overall, this research contributes to a better understanding of the complex interactions between rain and millimetre wave signals, offering valuable insights for the development of robust communication systems capable of operating efficiently under various weather conditions. The results of this research has also led to two journal publications and serval conference papers

Density-dependent clock spectroscopy in arbitrary arrays of mesoscopic 88Sr ensembles

For frequency metrology experiments, the fractional uncertainty is a key figure of merit: generating correlations between atoms allows this value to improve up to linearly with the number of atoms being interrogated. This has been demonstrated elsewhere using long-range Rydberg interactions in arrays of single strontium atoms and ensembles of caesium atoms. In our experiment, we are working towards demonstrating spin squeezing long-range Rydberg interactions to generate entanglement between strontium atoms in mesoscopic (N < 5) ensembles, trapped in clock-magic arbitrary tweezer arrays. We are interested in investigating how the fractional uncertainty of spin-squeezed clock measurements varies with atom number, in the case that tweezer sites are not restricted to containing a single atom at most. We hope to determine the optimum average number of atoms per site within the Rydberg blockade radius as a function of number of sites. This thesis presents progress towards this goal, which has been made in two ways. First, we have developed a novel technique for loading vertically large (100 micron) tweezer arrays with uniform and linearly-varying distributions of atom numbers in as fast as 20 milliseconds. We are able to load individual sites with average populations of between one and ten atoms, and show variations in atom number of up to a factor of two between sites in the array. We outline a theoretical model which successfully predicts our experimental results. Additionally, we show the first measurement of the 5s2 1S0 → 5s5p 3P0 clock transition in our experiment. We present experimental measurements of this transition, investigating how the linewidth and linecentre of the measured frequency spectrum varies with trap depth, atom temperature, probe beam intensity, and atomic density. We consider theoretical models of the clock transition based on the motional states of atoms in a tweezer and on collisional effects, and use these to study the effects of motional dephasing on the measured spectrum in our experiment. With these results in hand, we look ahead to the future of our experiment

A field and petrological study of an intermediate composition fissure eruption on Ascension Island

Ascension Island is a Holocene, intraplate volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean and exhibits a wide compositional range of magma from basalt to rhyolite, but intermediate products make up <5% of the surface deposits. I focus on the 1.3 km long, trachyandesite Devil’s Ink Pot fissure (DIP), located in the south-east corner of the island, and one of the youngest and best-preserved intermediate composition eruption on the island. I present detailed field work, petrographic, geochemical, and textural data to reconstruct the evolution of the DIP trachyandesite eruption, understand the genesis of intermediate magmas and shallow-surface processes occurring at low-flux ocean island volcanoes, and provide insights to future eruption scenarios on Ascension Island. The fissure is composed of 18 cones, 3 lava flow fields and tephra fall deposits up to 2 m thick. Two contrasting eruption styles are evidenced in cone deposits along the fissure. Despite the morphological and lithological differences, whole rock major and trace element analyses show that the erupted magma is chemically uniform. However, petrological, and geochemical analysis of plagioclase and olivine crystals identified textural and chemical variations. MELT’s modelling from the least evolved Ascension Island deposits is not able to reproduce the same intermediate composition of the DIP fissure, therefore demonstrates that additional processes must be involved in the generation of intermediate melts. Analysis of feldspar microlite textures and anorthite contents indicate variations in the time spent in the upper conduit for the tephra and lava/spatter samples and the conduit dynamics, which can heavily influence the style of eruption. Small volume eruptions may be missing from the geological record, leading to a potential underestimation of their frequency. However, even small-volume eruptions are significant on small islands with limited options for self-evacuation of local inhabitants, therefore planning for eruptions with shifts in eruption styles should be incorporated into eruption scenarios on Ascension Island

Investigating the Impacts of Urbanisation on Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) Diet and Reproductive Success via Faecal DNA Metabarcoding

Urbanisation has altered habitats, affecting wildlife by changing environmental conditions and food availability. For birds like blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), urban areas can act as ecological traps, where anthropogenic food attracts them, but they experience reduced reproductive success. To examine the impact of urbanisation on diet and its relationship to blue tit condition and breeding success, faecal DNA metabarcoding was used to analyse the diet of over 500 blue tits across a quantified urbanisation gradient, spanning 19 sites from Loch Lomond to Glasgow City centre, UK. Chapter 2 revealed that as urbanisation increased, nestling diets shifted from Lepidoptera to fattier, less nutritious non-Lepidopteran arthropods and anthropogenic foods such as sunflower seeds and grains. This correlated with poorer nestling condition and fledging success. Chapter 3 focused on breeding blue tits, showing that urban birds, though smaller, maintained their condition by consuming a fattier diet dominated by Hemiptera and anthropogenic food including peanuts. The study was the first to identify sex-related dietary differences in blue tits, which shift with urbanisation, and a convergence of adult and nestling diets in highly urbanised environments. Despite maintaining condition, the reproductive output of urban birds may be limited by nutritional deficiencies. Chapter 4 examined the winter diet of blue tits, finding that urban birds had slightly higher body and muscle mass compared to rural birds, despite similar size and condition. Urban birds consumed fewer Hymenoptera and more non-lepidopteran arthropods and anthropogenic food, reflecting a shift to a lower protein, higher fat diet. This dietary shift likely helps urban birds gain weight and survive during winter but may not provide sufficient nutrients to prepare optimally for breeding. Collectively, these findings suggest that urban environments are nutrient-limited which could be a key driver of the reduced reproductive success observed in many urban bird populations