To Grant or Not to Grant: Injunctions in the World of Standard Essential Patents

Competition law is a complex law that is ever evolving and finds itself face to face not only with difficult theories of economics and market definition but also with intellectual property law. This interaction between Competition law and Intellectual Property law can be starkly seen in the world of Standard Essential Patents. With the increase in investment in innovation and knowledge, there has been an increase in technological advancements and inventions such as in the field of electronics communications and networks. Subsequently, this has led to the rise in the importance of interoperability. This is where standards, standard-setting organizations and standard essential patents become important. It may seem, especially in this context, that competition law and intellectual property law are in conflict. However, that is necessarily not the case. In this paper, a small aspect of this conflict will be analysed: – whether injunctions should be granted for FRAND-encumbered standard essential patents or not. For this, global trends and the Indian scenario have been studied. The study concludes by suggesting a balance be maintained between both the laws and between the rights of the standard essential patent holder and the standard implementer

Do we really have to build something new?

An interview with Jo Taillieu on reusing existing builings and the aesthetics and practical implications of the fragmentary on his design process

Fragments in the Museum

Islamic architecture as a symptom of museum practi

“…I was thinking, when doing this scrubbing, of Miss Florence Nightingale’s barracks…”: A Local Typhoid Epidemic in the Correspondence between a Bulgarian and an American Nurse in 1932 (Nevena Sendova and Clara Noyes)

One of the most important epidemics in Bulgaria in the 1930s was typhoid fever. The research focuses on the description of this disease in a small town in Southern Bulgaria in 1932 in a letter written by a leading Bulgarian nurse, the Director of the Sofia School of Nursing, Nevena Sendova (1895–1987), to Clara Noyes (1869–1936), National Director Nursing Service of the Red Cross in the USA. Together with two of her colleagues and four students from the School of Nursing in Sofia, Nevena Sendova came to the small town of Bratsigovo in order to support local hygiene and anti-epidemic measures and to teach the accompanying students. At that time, the number of professional nurses in Bulgaria was small and there were no local nurses in this town. The letter is a rare egodocument about a local epidemic from the point of view of a nurse. It is part of a large regular correspondence between the directors of the Sofia School of Nursing and the leading nurses of the American Red Cross. These exchanges continued for about 15 years after American Red Cross nurses supported the reform of the Sofia School of Nursing in the 1920s along the same lines as the American education model. While describing the nurses’ activities in the two hospitals of the small town during the typhoid epidemic, Nevena Sendova also described the poverty of the local population, its hygiene habits, and the local beliefs and superstitions. Moreover, she recounted what local people were saying about the illness, a topic she considered she ought to bring to Clara Noyes’ attention

Alle unsere Gestern

Das Fragmentarische und Koolhaas' Kunsthal in Rotterda

Classification

The Fragment and the Whol

Fragment versus Spolie?

Wiederverwendung als Kulturkriti

“COVIDwear” and Health Care Workers. How Has the New Materiality of Clothing Affected Care Practices?

The pandemic fundamentally changed the material culture of clothing for care workers. If most of them wore already some sort of uniform, be it for hygienic reasons, be it to make their status visible, Covid19 profoundly transformed the clothing codes, beyond the mask. These new “protections” thoroughly changed the caring experiences in several aspects. As they enclose the body more intimately, working conditions became more laborious. The sensory land¬scapes of care (vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell) were fundamentally altered. Working rhythms had to be adopted as putting on the garments took longer. If care clothing had been characterised by a slow de-standardisation since the 1970s, the pandemic made a uniformed and medicalised uniform again mandatory

Too Close for Comfort? The Social Health of Geriatric Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany

Background: The first COVID-19 lockdown in spring 2020 had detrimental effects on both the residents and staff of long-term care facilities in Germany. Regulations to prevent the spread of the virus closed off facilities to visitors, creating social and physical distancing of residents and changing the daily routines of residents and nursing staff alike. Using a grounded theory approach, this study explores the impact of COVID-19 regulations on the social health of geriatric nurses in long-term care facilities in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews after the first lockdown (June/July 2020) and during the second lock¬down (November 2020–March 2021) with 13 nurses, primarily those in management positions. Results: We found that COVID-19 regulations changed the relationship between nurses and residents in important ways. First, nurses became primary caregivers and proxies for the relatives and professionals (e.g. hairdressers, physiotherapists) with whom residents typically interact. Second, strict regulations regarding hygiene, physi-cal and social distancing, and visitors contrasted sharply with nursing as a holistic practice and profession. Third, although nurses had to remain distanced from residents, they simultaneously developed greater emotional closeness. This dynamic affected the social health of both groups, raising important ethical questions about nursing responsibilities and emotional capacities in geriatric care during times of extended crisis such as the pandemic

Historiographic and Biographic Accounts of Danish Deaconesses Serving in the Faroe Islands 1897–1948

The Faroe Islands are an archipelago of 18 islands situated in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. Basic organized nursing there began in the late 1890s with arrival of two Danish deaconesses sent to the islands to improve the population’s health and move Faroese nursing and nurse education closer to international standards. Twenty-five Danish deaconesses served in the Faroe Islands during the first half of the 1900s. The overall aim of this article is to contribute to nursing history about the deaconesses in the Faroe Islands. In caring and historic contexts, and using historiographic and biographic approaches, we present and discuss excerpts of letters from some of the Danish deaconesses, in which they discuss their daily work, life, and ethical dilemmas while in the Faroe Islands. Findings demonstrate that the deaconesses were nurse pioneers, establishing professional nursing and nurse education fol¬lowing Danish rules and regulations of the time. We conclude by emphasizing the meaning of the deaconesses for modern Faroese nursing and nursing education, and the importance of keeping the history of nursing in mind