Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Toxicity on Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Levels in Vigna radiata L. Seedlings

Rapid industrialization and urbanization have resulted in the contamination of natural resources, particularly water bodies and agricultural soils. This pollution has severely disrupted ecological balance and agricultural productivity, posing a serious threat to global food security. Among the various pollutants, heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) are of particular concern due to their high toxicity, persistence in the environment, and tendency to accumulate in plant tissues. This study examines the effects of these heavy metals on the photosynthetic pigments of Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings, a nutritionally important legume crop. Seedlings were exposed to different concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Ni, and their total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were measured. The results showed that all three heavy metals significantly reduced pigment levels, with the degree of reduction increasing alongside concentration. At 1000 ppm, cadmium caused the greatest decline in both chlorophyll and carotenoid levels, followed by lead and then nickel, establishing a toxicity order of Cd > Pb > Ni. The substantial decrease in photosynthetic pigments indicates impaired photosynthetic activity, leading to reduced plant growth and productivity. These findings underscore the urgent need for effective monitoring and management of heavy metal pollution to safeguard agricultural systems and promote sustainable food production

The Evolution of Biosciences in India: From Ancient Wisdom to Modern Advancements

This paper explores the evolution of biosciences in India, tracing its development from ancient to contemporary times and examining its trajectory as a significant player in the global scientific community. The historical roots are deeply embedded in traditional practices such as Ayurveda, which laid the groundwork for early understandings of health and medicine. The medieval period saw significant cross-cultural exchanges with Islamic scholars, enriching Indian medical knowledge and influencing global medicine. The colonial era introduced Western methodologies, establishing modern medical colleges and research institutions that laid the foundation for formal scientific education and innovation. Post-independence, India made considerable strides in building robust research institutions and advancing fields like biotechnology, with landmark achievements such as the Green Revolution and advancements in cancer treatment. The contemporary era highlights India\u27s leadership in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, with hubs like Genome Valley driving innovation and making significant contributions to global health through affordable medications and vaccine development. Despite these successes, challenges such as funding limitations, infrastructure gaps, and the need for sustained policy support persist. Emerging fields like synthetic biology and AI in genomics present opportunities for future breakthroughs. The paper concludes that India\u27s synthesis of traditional and modern scientific practices positions it for continued leadership in the biosciences, fostering a future of innovation and global collaboration

Role of Chitosan as a Natural Elicitor in Inducing Systemic Resistance against Plant Pathogens

Chitosan is a biopolymer of natural origin produced by modification of chitin. Chitin is abundantly found in cell walls of fungi, shells of crustaceans and insect exoskeleton. Chitin to chitosan transformation involves removal of acetyl groups from the chitin structure. The deacetylation process converts chitin into chitosan. Chitosan is a biodegradable and nontoxic biopolymer. In agriculture, chitosan has gained popularity as a natural elicitor that stimulates the plant\u27s own defence system without directly killing pathogens. Instead of acting as a pesticide, chitosan acts as immunity booster in plants, allowing them to defend themselves against a variety of diseases. This review focusses on chitosan\u27s role in inducing systemic defence mechanisms in plants, as well as the underlying physiological and molecular responses triggered by chitosan application.

Review on Theoretical Exploration of Low-Dimensional Anti-Perovskite Nanostructures and Their Stability

Low-dimensional anti-perovskite nanostructures are turning heads as an intriguing group of materials, thanks to their unique lattice structure where the roles of cations and anions are flipped compared to your typical perovskites. This twist in structure, combined with their reduced dimensions, gives rise to remarkable physical properties such as quantum confinement effects, adjustable bandgaps, improved thermoelectric performance, and fascinating topological electronic states. Thanks to theoretical and computational techniques like density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), we\u27ve gained a thorough understanding of their structural, electronic, magnetic, and thermal stability. Nanostructures like monolayers, nanowires, and compound heterostructures such as Ca₃BiP and Cu₃SnN hold enormous potential for various applications, from thermoelectrics and spintronics to quantum computing and catalysis. However, despite significant progress in theory, we still face hurdles in synthesizing and ensuring the stability of these materials. This review brings together our current theoretical insights and points to future directions for incorporating these cutting-edge materials into functional devices

Sub-lethal Effects of Insecticides on Fish Behavior and Physiology

Insecticides, widely used in agriculture and public health, often contaminate freshwater ecosystems, leading to sub-lethal exposures in aquatic organisms, particularly fish. Unlike lethal concentrations that cause immediate mortality, sub-lethal concentrations induce physiological and behavioral changes that may not be immediately fatal but can significantly impair survival, reproduction, and ecosystem balance. This paper reviews the sub-lethal impacts of commonly used insecticides, including organophosphates, pyrethroids, and neonicotinoids, on fish behavior (such as feeding, schooling, and predator avoidance) and physiological systems (like respiration, enzyme activity, hormone regulation, and immune function). The study draws on recent experimental evidence from various geographic regions, with special attention to Indian freshwater ecosystems. Understanding these subtle yet significant effects is vital for environmental monitoring, fish conservation, and pesticide policy regulatio

Historical Evolution of Transgender Participation in Sports: Global and Indian Perspectives

Sports are a mirror of society. For many years, sports accepted only two categories – male and female. This created barriers for transgender people, who were often excluded. Slowly, athletes and courts started challenging these rules. Globally, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and other bodies made new policies to include transgender players. In India, the Supreme Court’s 2014 judgment (NALSA case) gave legal identity to transgender people, opening doors for participation in different fields, including sports. This paper explains the history of transgender participation in sports, the challenges faced, and the progress made at both global and Indian level

The Impact of Mobile Towers on The Health of Residential and Commercial Sector living People, Aligarh

The study has mobile connectivity has grown in demand and therefore mobile towers are being installed everywhere including residential areas. This paper looks at the health effects of exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) that is released by these towers especially to those individuals who live or work around this installation. Proceeding with a qualitative and analytical method of research, the work is based on the secondary data, observational analysis, and scientific literature with the help of which it can investigate the range of proximity of the towers to the human habitats and how it affects them and their health. The analysis has found out that a considerable of mobile towers are situated or built in the heavily populated residential and business places whereas 75 % of them are found within a 100-meter radius of sensitive places like schools, hospitals, and residential apartments. Synthesis using literature sources showed that sleep disturbances (33%), headaches (29%) and fatigue (21%) were the most frequently reported instances of health problems associated with long-term exposure to EMR. There was a significant difference between the incidences of health effects in exposed areas where there was a high level of density and proximity to residential areas: tower density was found to be significantly high. This research should draw attention of possible health hazards of mobile tower radiations, which demands stringent city planning, social-level understanding, and another empirical study to make policy designs with health protection

A Comprehensive Study: Seasonal Variation of BTEX in Ambient Air of Aligarh, Uttar Predesh, India

Volatile organic control of the air quality in the cities is becoming an issue especially when referring to BTEX- Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene as a result of rapid growth of cities and high traffic and industrial engagements in ambient air of Aligarh. The current research paper determines the seasonal variability of the ambient BTEX concentration in Aligarh, an urban expanding province in western Uttar Pradesh, India. Passive diffusion and complementary active air samples were conducted in one-year period and BTEX levels were analyzed in summer and monsoon seasons and winter seasons. Meteorological parameters were also measured at the same time as the BTEX concentrations of the gas phase was determined by gas chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID). The findings suggest that moderate concentrations of BTEX were the most popular finding at the presence of all the compounds, winter was the highest in both seasonal exceedances. The greatest rate of exceedance was 36% of benzene followed by toluene (30%), xylene (26%), and ethylbenzene (18%). It can be predicted seasonally with the colder months being of higher risk since the atmospheric mixing is less, and increased combustion emissions during colder months increase the health hazard. The study indicates that consistent air quality surveying is vital in tier-2 cities such as Aligarh and offers the much-needed fundamental information to make specific intervention actions and guidelines on environmental health in Aligarh City

A Comprehensive Examination About Guava: Assessment of Guava\u27s Medical Effects

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a tropical fruit indigenous to region of South America. This plant mainly relates to the Myrtaceae family as well-known plant. Guava is a more nutritious alternative since, unlike the rest of the fruit, it is not chemically processed. Guava is widely known for its culinary value. Around the world, it has commonly been utilized as a homoeopathic medicine to cure a wide range of illnesses. Tannins, quercetin, ursolic acid, saponins, lectins, beta-sitosterol, guajanoic acid, carotenoid, amritoside and uvanol are some of the useful chemical constituents in guava. Among its many health benefits, guava has antiseptic, anti-viral, against tussive, against inflammation, against cancer, against hyperglycaemia, as well as anti-oxidant qualities. Approximately 150 guava species are found worldwide, with the common guava, peer guava, cattley guavas being most popular ones. According to guava\u27s nutrient profile, it is high in specific elements, such as protein, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins, which improve the well-being of people. Guava includes several pharmacologically functional elements that are in charge of a range of physiochemical actions, according to multiple research projects, effects that are covered in more detail in the review, including antipyretic medication, cardiogenic, liver protective, immune-modulation, spasmolytic, and muscular actions

Heavy Metal Concentration in Contaminated Water Caused By a Release of Industrial Pollutants and City Waste

This study investigates the effects of urban trash and industrial pollutants on the concentrations of heavy metals in contaminated water sources. It makes the point that led, cadmium, mercury, and chromium (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in aquatic ecosystems are substantially increased by industrial operations and ill-designed waste management systems. This study determines the sources of these metals and measures their quantities in different water samples using sophisticated physicochemical methods of investigation. It also assesses the possible effects of these heavy metals on ecosystems and human health, highlighting the grave dangers that their presence poses to the environment and public health. This emphasizes how urgently improved waste management and pollution control are needed in order to lessen the negative effects of heavy metal contamination. Effective management techniques will be essential to lowering these hazards and safeguarding the public\u27s health and the environment