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    Regenerative Medicine of the Bile Duct: Beyond the Myth

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    Cholangiopathies are rare diseases of the bile duct with high mortality rates. The current treatment for cholangiopathies is liver transplantation, but there are significant obstacles including a shortage of donors and a high risk of complications. Currently, there is only one available medicine on the market targeting cholangiopathies, and the results have been inadequate in clinical therapy. To overcome these obstacles, many researchers have used human induced pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) as a source for cholangiocyte-like cell generation and have incorporated advances in bioprinting to create artificial bile ducts for implantation and transplantation. This has allowed the field to move dramatically forward in studies of biliary regenerative medicine. In this review, the authors provide an overview of cholangiocytes, the organogenesis of the bile duct, cholangiopathies, and the current treatment and advances that have been made that are opening new doors to the study of cholangiopathies.This research was supported by Grants from the Medical Research Center (NRF-2017R1A5A2015395), the Bio & Medical Technology Development Program (2018M3A9H1023910, 2018M3A9H3022412) funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST), and the Technology Innovation Program or Industrial Strategic Technology Development Program (10063334, Vascularized 3D tissue (liver/heart, cancer chip for evaluation of drug efficacy and toxicity) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry, & Energy of Korea

    A Comparative Study on the Efficiency of Korea and U.S. Universities Using DEA

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    [������������]��������������������� ������������ ������ ��������� ��������� ������������ ������������, Wilcoxon���Mann���Whitney (WMW) test��� ������ ������ ��������� ��������� ��������� ������������ ������ ��������� ������ ������ ��������� ��������������� ������. [������������]DEA ��������� R studio��� ��������������� ��������� ��������� ������������ CCR ��������� BCC ��������� ������������, WMW test��� ������ ������ ������ ������ ��������� ��������� ��������� ��������������� ������. [������������]CCR ������, BCC ������ ��������� ��������� ��������������� 5������ ��������� ������������ 1��� ������������, ������ ��������� ������������ ��� 10% ��������� ������������. ������������������ ��� 40% ��������� ��������� ��������� ���������������, ������ ��� ��������� ��������� ��������� ������ ��������� ������������. [��������� ���������]��������� ��������� ������������ ��������� ��� ��������������� ��������� ������������ ��������� ������ ��������� ������ ������ ������ ��������� ��������� ������ ������ ��������� ������ ��������� ��������������� ��� ������������ ��������� ������������ ������ ��� ��� ������ ������ ��������� ������ ��������� ��������� ��������� ��������������� ��������� ������������ ��������� ��� ��� ������. [Purpose] This study is to apply a DEA model to measure the relative efficiency of university education between Korea and the U.S. in order to complement the limits of effectiveness���based evaluation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relative efficiency of nonprofit organizations by using DEA to compare the effectiveness of university education between Korea and the U.S. [Methodology] The DEA analysis used R studio, and the efficiency analysis applied the CCR(Charnes et al., 1978) and BCC(Banker et al., 1984) models. The Wilcoxon���Mann���Whitney (WMW) test was used to compare the efficacy difference between Korea and U.S. universities. [Findings] In the CCR model, the BCC model, and the efficiency of scale, five universities showed efficiency of 1, and the efficiency of Korea universities were about 10% higher. The input factors need about 40% reduction and the efficiency difference between Korea and the U.S. varied depending on the model. [Implications] The efficiency analysis between Korea and U.S. universities shows that there are efficient universities in Korea too. Findings suggest that Korea universities are not lagging behind the U.S. universities in competition. and also we can find out what needs to be improved.��� ��������� ��������������� ������ ������ ������ ������������ ���������������(HY���2018���N)

    A Search for Ex Ante Management Tools for the Risks of Terrorism and Severe Accident in Nuclear Facilities — Is the NEPA’s Environmental Impact Statement a Suitable Candidate? —

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    2011��� 3��� ��������� ������������ ������������������ ������ ������ ������������������ ��������������� ������ ��������� ������ ���������������. ��������������� ��������������������� ��������������� ������������ ������������ ��������������� ��������� ��������� ������������ ��������� ���������. ��������������� ������·������·������·������·��������������� ��� ������������������ ��������� ��������� ������, ������, ���������������, ��������� ������ ��������� ��������� ������������ ��������� ��� ������. ��������������� ������������ ��������� ������ ������ ��������� ��� ��������������� ������������������ ������������ ��� ������ ������������ ��������������� ������ ��������� ������, ��������� ��������� ��������� ������������. ��������� ������������������ ������ ��������� ��������������� ��������� ��������� ��� ��������� ��������������� ������������ ��������� ������������ ������. ��� ������������ ��������������� ������ ��������� ������ ��� ������ ��������� ������������ ������������ ��������� ��������� ������ ‘������ ���������’��� ������������ ������ ��������� ��������������� ��������������� ��������� ������������ ������ ������������. ��������� ������ ������ ��������������� ������������������ ������ ������ ��� ������������ ������������ ��������������������������� ��������������������������� ��������� ��������������� ������ ��������� ������������ ������ ��������������� ������������ ��������� ���������. ��������������� ��������� ��� ������ ��������� ��������� ��������������������� ��������������������������� ��� ��������������������������� ������ ������ ������ ������ ��������� ��������� ������������ ������������. ������, ������������������������ ������ ������������������ ������ ��������� ������ ��� ��������� ������ ��������� ������������������ ��������� ��������� ��������������� ������ ��������������������� ������������ ������ ���������, ������, ��������������������������� ��������������� ������������ ������������ ������������������������ ������ ������������ ���������, ������, ��������������� ������ ��������������������� ������������������ ��������������� ������������ ��� ��������� ��������� ��������������� ������ ��������������������� ������������ ������ ���������, ������, ��������������� ��������������� ������ ������������������������ ��������������������������� ������������ ������ ������������������, ��� ��������� ��� ������������ ������������ ��������� ��������� ������������ ���������. ��������� ��������� ��������� ������. ������ ������ ��������������������� ������������������������������ ��������� ��������� ��������� ��������� ��������� ������������ ��������� ������������, ������������������������������ ������ ��������������������� ��� ��� ������������ ������ ��������� ������������ ��������� ������ ��������� ��������� ��������� ������ ������, ��������������� ������ ������ ������������ ��������������� ������ ������������ ������������������������ ������������ ������ ��������� ������ ������������ ���������������. ��������������� ��������� ��������� ��������� ������ ��� ������ ��������� ������ ��������� ������ ��������� ������ ��������������� ������ ��������� ������ ������������������. Since the Fukushima accident in March 2011, the regulatory interests in severe accidents in nuclear facilities have been greatly increased. Severe accidents are those in which substantial damage is done to the reactor core beyond the design basis. These can occur from causes such as natural disasters including earthquakes, tornadoes, floods, but also artificial events, namely, aircraft crashes, explosions, cyber attacks and terrorism. Korea, which has recently adopted various legal tools to manage severe accidents, is in need to search for better tools to manage the risks of severe accident and terrorism in nuclear facilities. However, there is an interesting phenomenon at home and abroad in this regard: this search goes beyond the discussions of improving and strengthening safety and security regulations within the framework of the nuclear law and has formed a discourse of “environmental risk” under the environmental law. Given this background, this article examined the suitability of the environmental impact assessment(EIA) as an ex ante management tool for the risks of terrorism and severe accident in nuclear facilities under the U.S. law. Specifically, the following four questions were addressed by reviewing several U.S. case laws on the U.S. Atomic Energy Act of 1954(AEA), the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969(NEPA) and the Environmental Impact Statements(EIS). First, if the safety and physical protection regulations are adequately implemented on nuclear facilities under the AEA, would the NEPA’s review be unnecessary? Secondly, is the EIS meaningful as an ex ante management tool for the risks of terrorism or severe accidents? Third, would the consideration of severe accidents in the EIS make that of terrorism, which is only one of many causes of severe accident, unnecessary? And finally, if the EIS can be justified as a meaningful tool, what more are necessary to make it more useful? Accordingly, this article is organized as follows. In Part II, it briefly described overviews of the AEA and the NEPA, and discussed how US courts have interpreted the NEPA's causality requirement to determine effects that should or should not be considered in the EIS. In Parts III and IV, it examined how courts have dealt with the issues of considering the severe accident and terrorism under the NEPA, respectively. Finally in Part V, it reviewed the above-mentioned four issues and proposed agenda for the subsequent study.��� ��������� 2016��� ������������ ������������ ��������������������� ��������� ������ ��������� ���������(NRF-2016S1A5A8019780)

    Negative Thermal Effects on the Structural Order of Methoxy-terminated Mono(Ethylene Glycol) Ethanethiol Self-assembled Monolayers on Au(111)

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    This work was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2012R1A6A1029029)

    EMI-reduction design for the stabilization of LIN communication system

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    ������ ������������������ ��������������� ��������� ��������� ��������������� ������ ��������������� ��������� ������������ ������ ��������� ��������� ��������� ������ ��������� ��������� ��������� ������������ ������.��� ������������ ��������� ������ ������ ��������� ������ ������������ ��������������� LIN (Local Interconnect Network) ������ ������������ ��������� ������ ��������� ��������������� ��������� ��������� ��������� ������������ ��������� ��������������������� ������ ��������� ��������� ������������ ������������������ LIN ������ ��������������� ������������������ ��� ��������� ��������� ������������ ��������� ������������ ���������. ��������� ��������������� ������ ��������������� ������������ ��������� ������ ��������� ������ ��������� EMI (Electromagnetic Interference)��� ��������� ��������� ������������ ������. ��������������� ������ ������������ ������ EMI������. ��������������� ��������� ������������ ������ ������ EMI ��������� ������������ ������. ��������������� ������ ��������������� ������������ ������ ������ ��������� ��������� ������ ��� ��� ������. ��������� ������������ ��������� ��������� LIN ������ ������������ ��� ������������ EMI��� ������ ��� ������ ��������� ������������. EMI ��������� ��������� LIN ������ ������������ ��� ��������������� ��������� ��������� ������ ��� ������. ��� ��������������� LIN ������ ������������ ��� EMI ��������� ��������� EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) ������ ��������� ������������ ��������� EMI ������ ������, ��������� ��� ������ ������ ��������� ������������ PCB (Printed Circuit Board) ������, EMI ������ ������ ��� ������ ������������ ������ LIN ������ ������������ ��� ������ ��������� ��������� ������������ EMI��� ������������ ��������� ��� ������. ������ LIN ������ ��������������� EMI ��������� ������ ������ LIN ������ ��������� LIN ��������� ������ ��� ��� ������ ��������� ������(������������ 250pF ������ ������)��� ��������� EMI ������ ��������� ������������ ��������� ��� ��������������� LIN ��������� L/C (Inductor/Capacitor) ������������������ CE (Conducted Emission) ������ AM (Amplitude Modulation)������(530kHz ~ 1,600kHz)������ EMI ��������� ��� ��������� ��������� ��������� ��� ������.Maste

    Korean First Prospective Phase II Study, Feasibility of Prone Position in Postoperative Whole Breast Radiotherapy: A Dosimetric Comparison

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    Purpose This first Korean prospective study is to evaluate the feasibility of prone breast radiotherapy after breast conserving surgery for left breast cancer patients who have relatively small breast size and we present dosimetric comparison between prone and supine positions. Materials and Methods Fifty patients underwent two computed tomography (CT) simulations in supine and prone positions. Whole breast, ipsilateral lung, heart, and left-anterior-descending coronary artery were contoured on each simulation CT images. Tangential-fields treatment plan in each position was designed with total 50 Gy in 2-Gy fractions, and then one of the positions was designated for the treatment by comparing target coverage and dose to normal organs. Also, interfractional and intrafractional motion was evaluated using portal images. Results In total 50 patients, 32 cases were decided as prone-position-beneficial group and 18 cases as supine-position-beneficial group based on dosimetric advantage. Target dose homogeneity was comparable, but target conformity in prone position was closer to optimal than in supine position. For both group, prone position significantly increased lung volume. However, heart volume was decreased by prone position for prone-position-beneficial group but was comparable between two positions for supine-position-beneficial group. Lung and heart doses were significantly decreased by prone position for prone-position-beneficial group. However, prone position for supine-position-beneficial group increased heart dose while decreasing lung dose. Prone position showed larger interfractional motion but smaller intrafractional motion than supine position. Conclusion Prone breast radiotherapy could be beneficial to a subset of small breast patients since it substantially spared normal organs while achieving adequate target coverage.This research has been supported by Korean Breast Cancer Foundation 14-03

    Construction of non-canonical PAM-targeting adenosine base editors by restriction enzyme-free DNA cloning using CRISPR-Cas9

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    Molecular cloning is an essential technique in molecular biology and biochemistry, but it is frequently laborious when adequate restriction enzyme recognition sites are absent. Cas9 endonucleases can induce site-specific DNA double-strand breaks at sites homologous to their guide RNAs, rendering an alternative to restriction enzymes. Here, by combining DNA cleavage via a Cas9 endonuclease and DNA ligation via Gibson assembly, we demonstrate a precise and practical DNA cloning method for replacing part of a backbone plasmid. We first replaced a resistance marker gene as a proof of concept and next generated DNA plasmids that encode engineered Cas9 variants (VQR, VRER and SpCas9-NG), which target non-canonical NGA, NGCG and NG protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) sequences, fused with adenosine deaminases for adenine base editing (named VQR-ABE, VRER-ABE and NG-ABE, respectively). Ultimately, we confirmed that the re-constructed plasmids can successfully convert adenosine to guanine at endogenous target sites containing the non-canonical NGA, NGCG and NG PAMs, expanding the targetable range of the adenine base editing.This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grants (no. 2018M3A9H3022412), Next Generation BioGreen 21 Program grant no. PJ01319301, Technology Innovation Program funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (no. 20000158), and Korea Healthcare technology R&D Project grant no. HI16C1012 to S.B

    Wireless Network for Assessing Temperature Load of Large-Scale Structures Under Fire Hazards

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    While the construction of high-rise buildings has become popular in big cities, an average of over 15,000 structure fires in those buildings are being reported in the United States. Especially because the fire in a building can result in a failure or even the collapse of the structure, assessing its integrity during and after the fire is of importance. Thus, in this paper, a framework with temperature sensors using wireless communication technology has been proposed. Associated hardware and software are carefully chosen and developed to provide an easy and effective solution for measuring fire load on large-scale structures during a fire. With an autonomous measurement system enabled, the key functions of the framework have been validated in a fire testing laboratory, using a real-scale steel column subject to standard fire. Unlike existing solutions of wireless temperature networks, the proposed solution can provide the user definable sampling frequencies based on the surface temperature and the means to assess the load redistribution of the structure due to fire loading in real-time. The results of the study show the great potential of using the developed framework for monitoring fire in a structure, allowing more accurate estimations of fire load in the design criteria, and advancing fire safety engineering.This work was supported by the National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST) grant from the Korean government (MSIP) (No. CRC-16-02-KICT). The authors greatly appreciate the support

    Search for production of Higgs boson pairs in the four b quark final state using large-area jets in proton-proton collisions at root s 13 TeV

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    A search is presented for pair production of the standard model Higgs boson using data from proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in 2016, and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The final state consists of two b quark-antiquark pairs. The search is conducted in the region of phase space where one pair is highly Lorentz-boosted and is reconstructed as a single large-area jet, and the other pair is resolved and is reconstructed using two b-tagged jets. The results are obtained by combining this analysis with another from CMS looking for events with two large jets. Limits are set on the product of the cross sections and branching fractions for narrow bulk gravitons and radions in warped extradimensional models having a mass in the range 750-3000 GeV. The resulting observed and expected upper limits on the non-resonant Higgs boson pair production cross section correspond to 179 and 114 times the standard model value, respectively, at 95% confidence level. The existence of anomalous Higgs boson couplings is also investigated and limits are set on the non-resonant Higgs boson pair production cross sections for representative coupling values.We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centres and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COL-CIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science -EOS" -be.h project n. 30820817; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850 and 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.)

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