Unveiling the root causes and results of illegitimate tasks: A systematic literature review

Aim/purpose – Employees are expected to perform duties consistent with their professional roles. However, they are often required to undertake tasks they perceive as unreasonable or unnecessary. The concept of illegitimate tasks has garnered increasing attention since its introduction. Illegitimate tasks have been found to account for unique variations in well-being and stress. A systematic narrative review of the literature on illegitimate tasks is necessary since the relevant literature is still in its infancy. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines on three primary journal databases: Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost. The citations were screened out based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Findings – Illegitimate tasks represent the job designs and assignments of tasks within organizations. Various factors contribute to stress caused by illegitimate tasks among employees. This review encapsulates the antecedent factors of illegitimate tasks (leadership roles, psychological factors, workplace factors, individual characteristics, job factors) and results (emotions, cognition, work attitude, health, well-being, behavioral factors). Furthermore, this review provides insight into moderators and mediators associated with illegitimate tasks. Research implications/limitations – One limitation of this SLR is the possibility of publication bias, as it primarily includes published studies, potentially overlooking unpublished and non-English studies. Furthermore, the included studies’ quality and heterogeneity may compromise the review’s generalizability, which could limit its scope. Originality/value/contribution – This review also offers directions for future academic research. It suggests developing new stress measures for illegitimate tasks designed to the specific functions of organizational tasks rather than relying on a general illegitimate tasks scale

Comparative Linguistic Studies in the Field of Sports Language – Methods and Trends

Der Rezensionsbeitrag bespricht das im Jahre 2024 veröff entlichte Buch „Language and Football“ von Eva Lavric und Gerhard Pisek (Hrsg.). Im einführenden Teil wird die Rolle des Sports angesprochen, dessen Wert im Laufe der Zeit angewachsen ist. Er ist nämlich mit seinen Devisen seit der Antike ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Gesellschaft gestaltung. Für die Sportgesellschaft spielt Sprache eine äußerst wichtige Rolle, weil innerhalb des Sports und über den Sport kommuniziert wird. Sportsprache gilt jedoch ständig als unentdecktes und vielschichtiges Phänomen. Jede Untersuchung in ihrer Bereich hilft infolgedessen, das Phänomen zu präzisieren. Aufgrund des Mangels an den intra- und interlingualen vergleichenden Forschungen ist jede Gelegenheit, sie hervorzuheben, wertvoller als Gold. Folglich werden im nächsten Teil des Beitrags die Artikel des Bandes hervorgehoben, die die vergleichenden inter- bzw. intralingualen Untersuchungen auf verschiedenen Ebenen darstellen. Sie suchen vor allem nach den Unterschieden und Gemeinsamkeiten im Rahmen der untersuchten Sprachen bzw. Sprachvarianten. Im abschließenden Teil werden kurze Bewertung und Hinweise nach der Lektüre des Werkes vorgeschlagen.The review article discusses the book ‘Language and Football’ by Eva Lavric and Gerhard Pišek (ed.), published in 2024. The introductory section addresses the role of sport, the value of which has increased over time. It has been an important part of shaping society with its currencies since ancient times. Language plays an extremely important role in sporting society because communication takes place within and through sport. However, sports language is constantly regarded as an undiscovered and complex phenomenon. As a result, any research in its field helps to clarify the phenomenon. Due to the lack of intra- and interlingual comparative research, any opportunity to highlight it is more valuable than gold. Consequently, the next part of the paper will highlight the articles in the volume that present comparative inter- and intralingual research at different levels. Above all, they look for the differences and similarities within the framework of the languages or language variants analysed. In the concluding section, brief evaluations and recommendations are suggested after reading the work

Conceptual Potential of German Confix <i>bio-</i>. A Corpus-Based Network Analysis

In der gegenwärtigen Welt sind sich die Menschen der enormen Menge chemischer Produkte bewusst, die gift ig sind und die viele Lebensmittel enthalten. Sie legen deshalb immer größeren Wert auf Bio-Produkte und alles, was mit der Bio-Produktion zu tun hat. Dabei haben sich auch Bio-Wissenschaft en etabliert, im Rahmen deren viele wesentliche, gesunde und naturgemäße Entwicklung der Lebewesen betreff ende Fragen diskutiert werden. Das Konfix bio-, in verschiedenen Kontexten verwendet, ist unter diesen Umständen zu einem polysemen Lexem geworden. Im Beitrag wird daher der Versuch unternommen, die Polysemie des deutschen Konfi xes bio- zu untersuchen. Die Analyse setzt sich zum Ziel, seine mentalen Repräsentationen der Bedeutungen in verschiedenen Lebensbereichen, sowie seine Gebrauchsmöglichkeiten in der Fachsprache zu erfassen. Den Ausgangspunkt der Analyse bildet die prototypische Bedeutung des Konfi xes bio-, um auf dieser Basis zu Konzeptualisierungen seiner Bedeutungserweiterungen zu kommen. Die Studie fokussiert sich auf nominale Komposita und adjektivische Ableitungen mit bio-. Sie stützt sich auf die Ansätze der lexikalischen Semantik unter Berücksichtigung der Konzeptualisierungsfragen gemäß der kognitiven Th eorie nach Ronald Langacker (2008), George Lakoff und Mark Johnson (1980/2003, 2011). Den letzten Punkt der Analyse bildet die Erarbeitung eines polysemen Netzwerkes des Konfixes bio-. Die Untersuchungen wurden anhand des sprachlichen Korpus durchgeführt, das den deutschen Wörterbüchern, Zeitungen und Zeitschrift en entnommen worden ist.In today’s world, people are aware of the enormous amount of toxic chemical products that many foods contain. They are therefore increasingly focussing on organic products and everything to do with organic production. At the same time, organic science has also emerged, in the context of which many essential questions concerning the healthy and natural development of living beings are discussed. The confix bio-, used in various contexts, has become a polysemous lexeme under these circumstances. This article therefore attempts to analyse the polysemy of the German confi x bio-. The aim of the analysis is to examine its mental representations of meanings in different areas of life as well as its possible uses in technical language. The starting point of the analysis is the prototypical meaning of the confix bio- in order to arrive at conceptualisations of its meaning extensions on this basis. The study focusses on nominal compounds and adjectival derivations with bio-. It is based on the lexical semantics approaches, taking into account the conceptualisation issues according to the cognitive theory of Ronald Langacker (2008), George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980/2003, 2011). The last point of the analysis is the development of a polysemic network of the confix bio-. Th e analyses were carried out on the basis of a linguistic corpus taken from German dictionaries, newspapers and magazines

Geschlossen, lang oder gespannt? Die Beschreibung der Artikulation niederländischer Vokale aus einer polykonfrontativen (und didaktischen) Perspektive

By analyzing the descriptions of Dutch vowels in the selected literature in four languages (Dutch, Polish, German and English), this paper addresses issues at the intersection of terminology and phonetics, while also placing them in the context of comparative research to provide a new broader perspective. The starting point are the articulatory features of vowels based on which the course of vocalic articulation is later described separately for every language. Material for the analysis comes from two sources per language. In the first part of the analysis, a question about the (lack of) quality of terminology used in the material is being answered, followed by indicating diff erent interpretive traditions of vowel description in the given language, which are e.g. expressed by the use of terms such as “closed”, “lang” and “gespannt”. The second part of the analysis uses the multilingual nature of the corpus to provide a polyconfrontative view of the problem. It is being shown that the terms used in the descriptions in the four chosen languages are hardly international in nature which makes finding equivalents quite difficult. Th is lack of equivalence in the descriptions not only makes the language comparison harder but also impacts the didactics of pronunciation, as students of Dutch have to re-learn terminology in this language even if they learned it in Polish, English or German.Durch die Analyse der Beschreibungen niederländischer Vokale in der ausgewählten Fachliteratur in vier Sprachen (Niederländisch, Polnisch, Deutsch und Englisch), werden in diesem Beitrag Probleme an der Schnittstelle von Terminologie und Phonetik behandelt und gleichzeitig in den Kontext der vergleichenden Forschung gestellt, um eine neue, breitere Perspektive zu eröffnen. Ausgangspunkt sind die artikulatorischen Merkmale der Vokale, anhand derer der Verlauf der vokalischen Artikulation später für jede Sprache gesondert beschrieben wird. Das Material für die Analyse stammt aus zwei Quellen pro Sprache. Im ersten Teil der Analyse wird die Frage nach der (mangelnden) Qualität der im Material verwendeten Terminologie beantwortet, gefolgt von einem Hinweis auf unterschiedliche Interpretationstraditionen der Vokalbeschreibung in der jeweiligen Sprache, die sich z.B. in der Verwendung von Begriff en wie „geschlossen”, „lang” und „gespannt” ausdrücken. Der zweite Teil der Analyse nutzt die Mehrsprachigkeit des Korpus, um eine polykonfrontative Sicht auf das Problem zu ermöglichen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die in den Beschreibungen verwendeten Begriff e in den vier ausgewählten Sprachen kaum international sind, was die Suche nach Äquivalenten sehr schwierig macht. Dieser Mangel an Äquivalenz in den Beschreibungen erschwert nicht nur den Sprachvergleich, sondern wirkt sich auch auf die Didaktik der Aussprache aus, da Schüler der niederländischen Sprache die Terminologie in dieser Sprache neu lernen müssen, selbst wenn sie sie in Polnisch, Englisch oder Deutsch gelernt haben

Generalised spatial autocorrelation coefficients

The article focuses on properties generalised to the multidimensional case of known coefficients of spatial correlation. The main result of the work is the decomposition of the introduced generalised autocorrelation coefficients into the sum of ordinary autocorrelation coefficients, but calculated on the basis of the principal components of the originally observed multidimensional variable. The development is illustrated with an empirical example. The coefficients provide a more detailed description of the spatial relationships of a set of variables defined in a population

Design and optimization of an improved hybrid permanent magnets Vernier machine with less-rare-earth and high torque density

This paper proposes a novel improved hybrid permanent magnet Vernier machine (IHPMVM), which is characterized by less-rare-earth (LRE) and high torque-density. The proposed machine features a hybrid magnet arrangement, which adopts both rare earth (RE) and LRE magnets in one magnetic pole simultaneously. The proposed improved design can reduce the consumptions of RE materials by employing low-cost LRE magnets in place of RE magnets. Besides, the hybrid magnet arrangement design has a good magnetic flux-concentrated effect, resulting in high torque density. Particularly, dummy slots are introduced to achieve a flux modulation effect. This unique design effectively reduces the inevitable leakage flux, thereby further improving the utilization of PMs and torque density. Firstly, the machine configuration and its improved design are introduced and investigated. Then, a multi-objective optimization is carried out to obtain the optimal design of the proposed machine considering comprehensive performance. Furthermore, the preliminary electromagnetic characteristics of the proposed machine are compared and analyzed using finite element (FE) methods, which verifies the effectiveness of the optimization. Finally, the demagnetization risk of the LRE magnets is evaluated. This paper is expected to provide a technical reference for designing LRE machines

Investigations of free electrons in doped silicon crystals derived from Fourier transformed infrared measurements and ab initio calculations

The reflection spectra of n- and p-type silicon crystals doped with phosphorus and boron were measured for the free carrier concentrations of 1.1 · 10¹⁵ cm⁻³ − 1.2 · 10²⁰ cm⁻³ in the far- and mid-infrared range between 20–3000 cm⁻¹ using synchrotron radiation and Fourier transformed infrared technique. Transmittance spectra could be measured for lower sample carrier concentrations from the range studied. The measured reflection spectra were fitted by using the Drude relation and the parameters of free electron conductivity (electron effective mass m* and momentum scattering time ) were obtained for the n- and p-typedoped silicon. Additionally, the calculations of the band electronic structure and the electric conductivity of the crystals were performed in the framework of the density functional theory for different carrier concentrations and temperatures. The study main findings are (1) the substantial decrease of the momentum scattering time and (2) the clear increase of the electron effective mass m* with an increase of the carrier concentrations Nc for both n- and p-type-doped silicon crystals

On a family that unifies the generalized Marshall-Olkin and Poisson-G family of distributions

The aim of the article is to propose a unification of the generalized Marshall-Olkin (GMO) and Poisson-G (P-G) distributions into a new family of distributions. The density and survival function are expressed as infinite mixtures of an exponentiated-P-G family. The quantile function, asymptotes, shapes, stochastic ordering and Rényi entropy are derived. The paper presents a maximum likelihood estimation with large sample properties. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to examine the pattern of the bias and the mean square error of the maximum likelihood estimators. The utility of the proposed family is illustrated through its comparison with some important models and sub models of the family in terms of modeling real data

Technologie biometryczne w perspektywie antropocentrycznej i nieantropocentrycznej

Biometric technologies or biometrics are becoming widespread, and, in many ways, they help to make human life easier. As this new technology has a significant impact on not just humans but also nonhuman nature, the authors perceive that there is a need of utmost importance to deal with the evaluation of the impact from the point of view of ethics, especially environmental ethics. The article is based mainly on an interdisciplinary approach, namely, a theoretical analysis of biometric technologies from the point of view of the two most significant approaches to argumentation in environmental ethics: anthropocentric and nonanthropocentric. The study will analyze the results of empirical research conducted among consumers in Slovakia in the years (2023-2024). The authors also base the analysis on relevant empirical data, presenting their own research on consumers’ subjective perceptions of the risks and benefits of biometrics. The authors conclude that it is essential to consider subjective and objective anthropocentric arguments and nonanthropocentric arguments for and against biometrics to understand the broader consequences of this technology.Technologie biometryczne stają się coraz powszechniejsze i, odpowiednio wykorzystane, mogą pod wieloma względami ułatwić nasze codzienne życie. Ponieważ te nowe technologie mają znaczący wpływ nie tylko na człowieka, ale także na przyrodę pozaludzką, autorzy niniejszego opracowania dostrzegają konieczność oceny ich zastosowań z punktu widzenia etyki, a zwłaszcza etyki środowiskowej. Artykuł opiera się głównie na podejściu interdyscyplinarnym, jakim jest teoretyczna analiza technologii biometrycznych z punktu widzenia dwóch najważniejszych perspektyw przyjmowanych w etyce środowiskowej, tj. z perspektywy antropocentrycznej i nieantropocentrycznej. W artykule przedstawiono analizę wyników badań empirycznych przeprowadzonych wśród konsumentów na Słowacji w latach 2023-2024. Przeprowadzona analiza została ponadto oparta o istotne dane empiryczne, tj. własne badania autorów dotyczące subiektywnego postrzegania przez konsumentów zagrożeń i korzyści związanych z biometrią. Autorzy doszli do wniosku, że aby zrozumieć w pełni konsekwencje wykorzystania tej technologii, konieczne jest rozważenie zarówno subiektywnych, jak i obiektywnych argumentów antropocentrycznych oraz nieantropocentrycznych za i przeciw biometrii

Carbon footprint reporting process and software assessment framework

ESG reporting requirements are a response to global environmental and social challenges. Sustainability reporting poses challenge for organizations, mostly due to complex regulations and numerous calculation methods, causing confusion and requiring in-depth research and learning. This research is focused on carbon footprint reporting, indicating the role and importance of purpose-built reporting software in this process. The framework carbon footprint reporting process (F-CF-RP) was proposed based on a literature review, with the aim of providing guidance and indicating the steps required for proper CF reporting. Based on the guidelines, standards, literature and software review, the carbon footprint reporting software assessment framework (CF-RS-AF) was developed to provide researchers and practitioners with a framework to systematize the selection process of carbon footprint reporting software. The framework combines functional and non-functional requirements, support and pricing models, and automated and artificial intelligence functionalities. The framework was positively validated with review of sample tools