A Study on the Impact of Smart Phone Use on Haematological and Cardiovascular Parameters in the Adult Population

Background: The increasing use of mobile phones has raised concerns about their potential health effects, particularly on cardiovascular, inflammatory and hematological parameters. This study investigates the impact of mobile phone usage on WBC count and blood pressure among adults. Methods: This study was conducted at IGIMS, Patna, to assess the effects of mobile phone radiation on cardiovascular, inflammatory and hematological parameters. Blood pressure was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer, and WBC count was analysed using the hemocytometer method. Data on mobile phone usage were obtained from call logs, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS with a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The study found that 76% of participants were aged 21-25 years, with males comprising 86% of the sample. Blood pressure analysis showed 47% had systolic BP >120 mmHg, and 51% had diastolic BP >80 mmHg. No significant correlation was found between mobile phone usage and blood pressure or leukocyte count (p>0.05). Conclusion: Prolonged mobile phone use showed a non-significant trend toward higher blood pressure, but no direct impact on leukocyte count. Further studies with larger samples are needed to explore potential health effects

Hepatic enzyme alterations as prognostic markers in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: A hospital-based prospective cohort study.

BackgroundPerinatal asphyxia remains a significant contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality, with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) being a major sequela. Liver injury is a common systemic complication, and hepatic enzymes may serve as potential biomarkers for the severity of hepatic encephalopathy (HIE). Objectives: To assess the pattern of hepatic enzyme alterations in neonates with HIE and explore their prognostic value in stratifying disease severity.  MethodsThis prospective cohort study enrolled 100 term neonates with perinatal asphyxia. HIE staging was performed using the modified Sarnat and Sarnat criteria. Liver function tests, including serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were measured on Days 1 and 3. Statistical analysis included ANOVA, post-hoc comparisons, and Chi-square tests to evaluate associations with clinical outcomes.  ResultsAmong the neonates, 33% had HIE Stage I, 39% Stage II, and 28% Stage III. Serial measurements showed significant increases in SGOT, SGPT, and ALP from Day 1 to Day 3 across all HIE stages (p<0.001). Enzyme elevations were most marked in Stage III. Cut-off values for predicting Stage III HIE were SGOT >77.4 U/L, SGPT >90.4 U/L, and ALP >257.1 U/L. Seizure activity (p<0.001) and mode of resuscitation (p<0.001) showed statistically significant associations with HIE severity, while maternal risk factors (p=0.72), mode of delivery (p=0.64), and place of delivery (p=0.59) did not.  ConclusionSerial hepatic enzyme levels are reliable biochemical indicators for assessing the severity of HIE. Their prognostic relevance supports early stratification and targeted management in neonatal intensive care units.Recommendations Regular monitoring of hepatic enzymes in neonates with perinatal asphyxia can aid early detection and management of HIE severity

Assessing the prevalence of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis among Human Immunodeficiency infected patients at a hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Introduction: The co-epidemic of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Tuberculosis (TB), Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB) pose a major health issue in KwaZulu Natal (KZN) South Africa (SA). Despite improvements in HIV care, EPTB continues to affect immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, this study aimed to bridge this knowledge gap by determining the prevalence, and risk factors associated with EPTB prevalence among HIV-infected patients in KZN. Methodology: Patient results for those tested for EPTB from January to December 2022, were examined. Key variables included demographic information including age, gender, geographic location. HIV viral load, CD4 count, and GeneXpert tuberculosis were the test results analysed. To ensure accuracy, the dataset underwent rigorous cleaning to exclude incomplete records and duplicates. Microsoft Excel 2019 facilitated descriptive and graphical analysis to illustrate trends. Spearman's correlation was used to examine associations among continuous variables, with statistical significance assessed using p-values and confidence intervals Results: Among 609 analyzed HIV-positive patient results, 86 (14.1%) had EPTB. Most cases 382 (62.7%) originated from the uGu district, with the highest prevalence observed among males aged 40-64 years. Lymphadenitis was the most common EPTB manifestation. Additionally, detectable viral loads and moderately suppressed CD4 counts indicated advanced HIV progression, increasing susceptibility to EPTB co-infections. Conclusion: This study shows a significant burden of EPTB among HIV-infected individuals in KZN, especially in older patients with high viral loads. Targeted interventions for early detection, screening programs, and gender-specific approaches are crucial to reducing morbidity and mortality

Antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from raw milk sold in coolers in Kawuku, Entebbe, Wakiso district.

Background: Milk is an essential animal-derived food that provides proteins, vitamins, and minerals vital for human growth and metabolism. However, raw milk is a major vehicle for foodborne pathogens. This study aimed to determine the resistance patterns of pathogenic bacterial species in raw milk sold in coolers in Kawuku Entebbe Wakiso District.  Methodology: This laboratory-based cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in raw milk sold from coolers in Kawuku. A total of 20 raw milk samples were aseptically collected from selected milk stalls between January and February 2025 and analyzed using standard microbiological techniques. Bacterial identification was carried out through culture, Gram staining, and biochemical tests, while antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method in accordance with CLSI guidelines.  Results: Staphylococcus saprophyticus (23.3%) and Escherichia coli (16.7%) were the most prevalent pathogens, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis (10.0% each). Other bacteria, including S. aureus, E. faecalis, and Citrobacter freundii, were also detected in varying proportions. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated high resistance to Cefoxitin (CX5), Tetracycline (TE30), and Penicillin G (P10), while Ciprofloxacin (CIP5), Vancomycin (VA30), and Levofloxacin (LEV15) exhibited higher efficacy. Resistance patterns varied significantly across organisms and media types, with Gram-negative isolates showing more resistance to commonly used antibiotics.  Conclusion: Raw milk sold in Kawuku is contaminated with multiple pathogenic bacteria exhibiting significant antimicrobial resistance.  Recommendation: Further molecular-level studies are recommended to understand the genetic mechanisms driving resistance

Health-seeking behaviour and determinants among tribal communities in a rural district of West Bengal.

BackgroundAim: To assess the health-seeking behaviour of rural tribal populations in the district of Bankura, and to identify the key factors influencing their healthcare utilization patterns. MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 522 adult tribal participants. Data were collected using a structured, pre-tested interview schedule focusing on demographic details, healthcare preferences, access to services, and perceived barriers.  Analysis was performed using SPSS version 23.0, with descriptive statistics and chi-square tests applied. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify significant predictors of modern healthcare utilization. Results Most participants were aged 31–45 years, with a near-equal gender distribution. Belief in traditional healers was moderate in 44%, strong in 26%, and supernatural beliefs in 25%. Treatment preference was split: modern medicine (50%), traditional (40%), and mixed (10%). Fifty percent sought care for mild symptoms, 30% delayed until severe, and 20% depended on illness type. Government facilities were the first contact for 55%, traditional healers 20%, and others 25%. Forty percent delayed >3 days to seek care. Preventive care uptake varied: vaccination (90%) was high, deworming (20%) and BP/sugar screening (20%) were low. Maternal-child health coverage was better: antenatal care (75%), institutional deliveries (90%), and immunization (90%). Major barriers were lack of transport (75%), long waiting times (70%), distance (65%), and cost (60%). Past experiences with modern healthcare were positive in 60%, negative in 40%. Complete recovery was associated with a preference for modern medicine (OR 4.41, RR 2.06). Men, higher education, higher income, business occupation, and proximity to facilities favoured modern healthcare; women, low education/income, and distance favoured mixed modalities.  Conclusion Healthcare utilization among the tribal population is influenced by low education, limited disease awareness, cultural beliefs, gender norms, and structural barriers. Recommendations To strengthen health education and literacy programs focused on common diseases, danger signs, and preventive care

Knowledge and barriers towards cervical cancer screening among female university students in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths among women globally, predominantly affecting women in low- and middle-income countries, including South Africa. Despite being preventable through early screening and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, cervical cancer awareness and screening rates remain low. Female university students often exhibit limited knowledge and face unique barriers that impede cervical cancer screening uptake. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of knowledge and explore the barriers to cervical cancer screening among female students at a University of Technology in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Methods: The research was conducted among female students across various faculties and academic levels at a University of Technology in Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. A quantitative, cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured online questionnaire that examined student demographic profiles, knowledge of cervical cancer and HPV infection, and barriers to cervical cancer screening. A total of 131 female students were recruited, and data were analysed to identify knowledge gaps and barriers to screening uptake. Results: The study found a high level of awareness of cervical cancer (90.1%) and HPV (71.8%), though significant knowledge gaps in specific risk factors and screening methods persisted. The primary barriers identified included fear of test results, lack of awareness, and logistical challenges, such as time and financial constraints. Discomfort with discussing screening results also varied, with discomfort more pronounced among younger and lower-year students. Conclusion: Despite general awareness, significant barriers, including fear, insufficient knowledge, and logistical obstacles, limit cervical cancer screening uptake among female university students. This suggests that tailored interventions addressing knowledge gaps and providing practical support could improve screening rates and early detection, ultimately contributing to better health outcomes for young women in similar settings

Intimate partner violence, associated factors, and psycho-social support networks among pregnant women attending selected health facilities in Isingiro District, Ankole Sub-region, Uganda. A cross-sectional study

Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy is a major public health concern with serious consequences for maternal and child health. This study assessed the prevalence, associated factors, and psychosocial support systems for pregnant women experiencing IPV in Isingiro District, Uganda. Methods A mixed-methods cross-sectional design was employed at Rwekubo and Kabuyanda Health Centre IVs, involving 371 participants selected through proportionate stratified sampling. Quantitative data were collected using researcher-administered questionnaires and analyzed with STATA 18, while qualitative data from in-depth interviews with IPV survivors were thematically analyzed using NVivo 15. Results The study enrolled pregnant women aged 20-46 and above, and a high IPV prevalence of 36.5%, higher at Rwekubo (39.2%) than Kabuyanda (32.6%) was found. Predictors included partner substance use (OR = 0.05, p < 0.001), unemployment (OR = 5.07, p = 0.001), and low income, while women earning above UGX 100,000 were less likely to experience IPV. Primary education increased IPV risk (OR = 2.80, p = 0.025). Cultural norms (OR = 27.49, p < 0.001) and limited service awareness (OR = 2.99, p = 0.020) were also significant. Though 56.6% of women reported access to legal protection, it was not statistically protective (OR = 0.72, p = 0.240). Qualitative findings highlighted normalization of marital sexual abuse, stigma, and weak enforcement of services, though peer networks provided emotional support. Conclusion This study provides critical insights into the high prevalence. It demonstrates that IPV in these settings is shaped by a combination of socioeconomic vulnerabilities, partner-related risk factors, especially substance abuse, and entrenched patriarchal norms that normalize violence, particularly sexual and emotional abuse within marriage. Recommendation The study recommends routine IPV screening during ANC, awareness creation, and survivor-centered interventions tailored to rural sociocultural contexts

Echocardiographic evaluation of mitral E/e′ ratio, along with angiographic findings and B-type natriuretic peptide levels as prognostic indicators in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A prospective cross-sectional study.

BackgroundThe approach to risk assessment in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) has evolved with advancements in echocardiographic and biochemical markers. The mitral E/e′ ratio and B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) levels, along with coronary angiographic findings, offer a multidimensional approach to prognosis.  Aim To evaluate mitral E/e′ ratio, BNP levels, and angiographic findings as prognostic indicators in STEMI patients.  Methods A prospective, cross-sectional study was carried out at IGIMS, Patna, over 12 months (June 2024–May 2025). Fifty patients aged above 40 years diagnosed with STEMI were enrolled and followed up for six months. Echocardiography (including E/e′ ratio), BNP levels, and coronary angiography were assessed within 24 hours of admission. Follow-ups were conducted at 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months. Data were analyzed using SPSS v26.0.  Results The participants' average age was 62.9 ± 10.8 years, and 68% of them were men. Among the most prevalent comorbidities were dyslipidemia (74%), diabetes mellitus (50%), and hypertension (54%). From 13.08 ± 3.21 at admission, the mean mitral E/e′ ratio decreased to 12.48 ± 2.47 at 1 week, 12.34 ± 2.10 at 3 months, and 12.12 ± 1.22 at 6 months (p < 0.001). From 1012.7 ± 890.4 pg/mL at admission to 195.1 ± 81.3 pg/mL at 6 months, BNP levels demonstrated a comparable progressive decline. Higher E/e′ and BNP levels were associated with worse outcomes, and in-hospital mortality was 14%.  Conclusion Mitral E/e′ ratio, BNP level, and angiographic profile are effective prognostic tools in STEMI. Their integration enhances early risk stratification and individualized patient management.  Recommendation Routine incorporation of mitral E/e′ ratio and B-type Natriuretic Peptide assessment, along with angiographic evaluation, is recommended for comprehensive prognostic evaluation and management of patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

The diagnostic accuracy of injury severity score and revised trauma score to predict mortality and hospital stay in polytrauma patients: A prospective cohort study.

Background Trauma continues to be a significant global health concern, ranking as one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. Each year, nearly 5 million individuals succumb to trauma-related injuries stemming from incidents such as road traffic accidents (RTAs), falls from height, violence, warfare, fires, and occupational hazards. Polytrauma is a leading cause of emergency admissions and mortality worldwide. Accurate trauma scoring systems like the Injury Severity Score (ISS) and Revised Trauma Score (RTS) help predict outcomes. Objectives- This study compares ISS and RTS in assessing mortality and hospital stay in polytrauma patients. Methods A prospective observational, cohort study was conducted from March 2023 to February 2025 at KIMS, Bhubaneswar, including 147 patients aged 18–60 with injuries to two or more body regions. ISS and RTS were calculated, and patients were grouped accordingly. Outcomes such as mortality and hospital stay were recorded. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS and GraphPad Prism with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results Most patients were males (85.7%) aged 21–30 years, with road traffic accidents being the main cause (85.7%). Mean ISS was 25.07, and RTS was 10.59. Higher ISS and lower RTS were significantly associated with mortality (p < 0.0001). Age was also a significant predictor (p = 0.0053), while hospital stay did not differ significantly. Conclusion This prospective observational study highlights the clinical utility of the RTS and ISS as effective tools for predicting mortality and assessing injury severity among polytrauma patients. Recommendations It has been recommended that patients with RTS < 10 or ISS ≥ 20 should trigger senior review, expedited imaging, and ICU preparedness. Older patients, particularly those above 50 years, warrant heightened monitoring

Pattern and Prevalence of Poisoning Cases Reported to a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundPoisoning remains a significant public health issue in developing countries, contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality. Identifying patterns and prevalent substances involved is essential for guiding preventive measures and clinical management. ObjectiveTo analyze the demographic profile, type, intent, clinical presentation, and outcomes of poisoning cases reported to a tertiary care hospital. MethodsThis retrospective cross-sectional observational study included 100 patients admitted with acute poisoning over a 12-month period. Data were collected from hospital records, including demographic details, type and intent of poisoning, presenting symptoms, time to hospital presentation, interventions, and outcomes. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. ResultsMost poisoning cases occurred in individuals aged 21–30 years (42%), followed by the 11–20 age group (28%). Males (58%) were more commonly affected than females (42%) (Table 1). The most frequent agents were organophosphorus compounds (35%), followed by non-OP pesticides (15%) and drug overdoses (14%) (Table 2). Suicidal intent was predominant (66%), while accidental ingestion accounted for 28% of cases (Table 3). Vomiting (72%) was the most common presenting symptom, with altered sensorium (34%) and respiratory distress (20%) also observed (Table 4). The majority of patients presented within 2–6 hours (44%) (Table 5). Gastric lavage was performed in 82% of cases; specific antidotes were administered in 38%. ICU admission was needed in 27% and 12% required ventilatory support. Complete recovery was observed in 85% of patients, with a mortality rate of 7% (Table 6). ConclusionPoisoning primarily affects young adults, with a high rate of suicidal intent and organophosphorus compound involvement. Early recognition, timely intervention, and psychiatric counseling are critical to improving outcomes. Recommendations Enhance public awareness, regulate toxic substances, strengthen rural healthcare, and integrate psychiatric support to prevent and manage poisoning case