A category theoretic bridge from classical error correction to quantum error correction

Both the category Set of sets and functions as well as the category EVect of Euclidean vector spaces and their linear maps form monoidal categories under the Cartesian product and the tensor product, respectively. We categorically model classical computing within a full monoidal subcategory of Set, and similarly quantum computing within a full monoidal subcategory of EVect. The free functor offers a map expressing how all classical computing algorithms can be functorially mapped to a corresponding quantum algorithm. Error correction codes are included in this model using natural transformations and shown by examples, i.e Hamming codes and Toric codes, to maintain the objects and morphisms of their respective categories. Keywords: mathematics, math, computer science, linear algebra, Deustch-Josza algorithm, Toric codes, Hamming codes, Three-Bit Repetition code, Three-Qubit Repetition code, category theory, quan-tum computing, classical computing, error correction, classical error correction, quantum error correction, free functor, monoidal category, categoryNASUNY College at New PaltzHonorsN/AGlass, CheyneSullivan, Patrici

Predicting the Risk of Depression Based on the Patient's Chronic Diseases and Other Physiological Attributes

The prevalence of chronic diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and chronic respiratory conditions contributes significantly to global mortality rates. In addition, there is growing evidence that links mental health disorders to physical activity, body mass index (BMI), and chronic diseases, highlighting their importance in public health research. This study investigates the intricate relationship between chronic diseases and depression, employing innovative Machine Learning techniques to predict depression likelihood based on various health comorbidities. Results indicate that Naive Bayes consistently outperforms other models, highlighting its potential for accurate predictions. The trade-off between specificity and accuracy, however, highlights the necessity of balanced datasets in real-world applications.NASUNY PlattsburghManagement Informations Systems and AnalyticsN/ABushaj, Saba

Optimising early detection of degenerative cervical myelopathy: a systematic review of quantitative screening tools for primary care

Background: Early diagnosis of degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is often challenging due to subtle, non-specific symptoms, limited disease awareness and a lack of definitive diagnostic criteria. As primary care physicians are typically the first to encounter patients with early DCM, equipping them with effective screening tools is crucial for reducing diagnostic delays and improving patient outcomes. This systematic review evaluates the efficacy of quantitative screening methods for DCM that can be implemented in primary care settings. Methods: A systematic search following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines was conducted across PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library up to July 2024 using keywords relevant to DCM screening. Studies were included if they evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of DCM screening tools applicable to primary care settings. Study quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. Results: The search identified 14 studies evaluating 18 screening methods for DCM. Questionnaires consistently showed high diagnostic accuracy, with Youden indices exceeding 0.60, while only three out of nine conventional physical performance tests met the same threshold. Sensor-assisted tests, particularly those using advanced technology like finger-wearable gyro sensors, exhibited the highest diagnostic accuracy but present challenges related to accessibility and learning curves. Conclusion: This review highlights the potential of quantitative screening methods for early DCM detection in primary care. While questionnaires and conventional tests are effective and accessible, sensor-assisted tests offer greater accuracy but face implementation challenges. A tailored, multifaceted approach is crucial for improving outcomes. Future research should focus on validating these tools in diverse populations and standardising diagnostic criteria.VoRSUNY DownstateMedicineN/

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against severe omicron-related outcomes in children aged 5 to 11 years in Ontario: A Canadian immunization research network (CIRN) study

Background: Understanding how the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines translates from clinical trials to real-world settings is critical to inform evolving vaccination policies. The objective of this study was to assess COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) against severe COVID-19-related outcomes in children aged 5-11 years, including COVID-19-related hospital admissions and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Methods: We conducted a retrospective, population-based cohort study using linked health administrative data in the first year following the emergence of the Omicron variant (January 2 to December 31, 2022) in Ontario, Canada. Baseline differences between subgroups of interest were compared using standardized differences. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models to estimate VE by time since last vaccine dose by treating vaccination as a time-varying exposure, compared to unvaccinated children. Results: We included a total of 1,058,740 children, of which 583,867 (55.1 %) had received at least one vaccine dose by the end of the study period. In total, there were 185 COVID-19-related hospital admissions and 39 cases of MIS-C. The rate of COVID-19-related admission was substantially higher in children with an underlying comorbid condition compared to children who were previously healthy (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 4.77, 95 %CI, 3.56-6.38). VE against COVID-19-related admission ranged from 93 % (95 %CI, 52-99 %) 7-29 days after a second dose to 63 % (95 %CI; 41-77 %) ≥120 days after a second dose. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of MIS-C in children who received at least one dose of the vaccine compared to unvaccinated children (aHR = 0.71; 95 %CI, 0.38-1.34). Conclusions: We found that, for children aged 5-11 years, VE against COVID-19-related hospitalization was high in the first four months after a second dose. Children with comorbid conditions were found to be at much higher risk of COVID-19-related severe outcomes and thus may benefit most from COVID-19 vaccination.VoRSUNY DownstateEpidemiology and BiostatisticsN/

Non-Analog Behaviour of Eastern African Herbivore Communities During the Last Glacial Period

This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: O'Brien, K., Ashioya, L. and Faith, J.T. (2025), Non-Analog Behaviour of Eastern African Herbivore Communities During the Last Glacial Period. Ecology Letters, 28: e70041. , which has been published in final form at [https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.70041]. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions.Modern African ungulates navigate seasonal variation in resource availability through diet-switching (primarily mixed-feeders) and/or migrating (primarily grass grazers). These ecological generalizations are well-documented today, but the extent to which they apply to the non-analog ecosystems of the Pleistocene are unclear. Drawing from serially-sampled stable isotope measurements from 18 Kenyan large herbivore species from the Last Glacial Period (LGP), we evaluate how diet, diet-switching, and migration compare to observations from present-day settings. We find a higher grazing signal in most LGP species and a greater magnitude of diet-switching than in the present. Additionally, we find that the relationships between grass intake, migration, diet-switching, and body size during the LGP were unlike those observed today. This establishes a revised paleoecology of LGP herbivore communities and highlights that LGP herbivores were behaviorally non-analog. Our results imply that ecological observations from present-day settings offer an incomplete perspective of herbivore-environment interactions.AMSUNY OneontaAnthropologyN/

Comparative effectiveness of anterior and posterior approaches for interscalene brachial plexus block: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: Interscalene Brachial Plexus Blocks (ISBPB) are highly effective forms of anesthesia for surgeries involving the upper arm, shoulder, and neck. Recently, there has been a growing interest in comparing the advantages and limitations of the anterior and posterior approaches. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine whether the anterior or posterior approach to ISBPB offers a clinical advantage regarding complete block rates and time to block completion. We included randomized controlled trials comparing the anterior and posterior techniques for ISBPB while excluding studies with overlapping populations, comparisons of blocks other than interscalene, and articles written in a non-English language. Results: The search strategy identified 2229 articles, of which six Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. A total of 414 patients were included, with 210 patients in the anterior group and 204 in the posterior group. The Odds Ratio (OR) for a complete sensory block between the two techniques did not reach statistical significance (OR = 0.56 [0.20, 1.58], 95% CI, p = 0.27). Similarly, the Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) for the time to complete the block also did not reach statistical significance (SMD: -0.77 [-2.12, 0.59], 95% CI, p = 0.27). Heterogeneity for complete block was not significant (I2 = 0%), while procedure time showed high heterogeneity (I2 = 97%). Conclusion: Both techniques have shown effectiveness in providing surgical analgesia. The choice of technique should be determined by the provider's comfort and proficiency, as well as ensuring the highest level of safety for the patient.VoRSUNY DownstateAnesthesiologyN/

Sociodemographic Factors and Vulnerability to Multiple Extreme Weather Events: A National Study in the U.S.

Wong R, Zhang L, Zhang K. Sociodemographic factors and vulnerability to multiple extreme weather events: A national study in the U.S. The Science of the total environment. 2025;967. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178761https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178761Background Millions of U.S. residents experience increasingly more prevalent weather events due to climate change, however, there is limited research exploring the vulnerability to multiple extreme weather events using a national U.S. sample. Aims Identify patterns in exposures to climate events, and examine sociodemographic factors associated with increased climate event vulnerability. Method Data was retrieved from the May 2022 American Trends Panel, a nationally representative sample of 10,282 United States adults. We performed a latent class analysis, a statistical method used to identify unobserved subgroups (latent classes) within a population, to group respondents by patterns in five climate event experiences (heatwave, intense storm, wildfire, drought, and sea level rise), and analyzed variables associated with vulnerability to climate events using weighted multinomial logistic regression, a statistical method that models the probability of membership in one of several outcome categories (climate vulnerability groups) relative to a reference category, while accounting for survey weights to ensure generalizability to the U.S. population. Results Respondents were categorized into four latent classes, which are unobserved subgroups identified through patterns in exposures to five climate events (heatwave, intense storm, wildfire, drought, and sea level rise). These subgroups were based on exposures to heatwave (42.5 %), intense storm (43.2 %), wildfire (21.3 %), drought (30.8 %) and sea level rise (15.8 %): high (9.8 %), heat-storm (22.2 %), heat-drought (13.4 %), and low (54.6 %) climate event vulnerability. Relative risk for high climate event vulnerability refers to the likelihood of belonging to the “high vulnerability” group compared to the “low vulnerability” group. It is assessed using the relative risk ratio (RRR), which is a measure of the association between a particular sociodemographic factor (e.g., age, gender, region) and the likelihood of being in a specific vulnerability group relative to the reference group. For instance, an RRR 1 indicates an increased risk compared to the reference category. Relative risk for high climate event vulnerability was lower for older adults (RRR = 0.39, p < 0.001), potentially reflecting a greater capacity to cope with certain climate events, such as access to stable housing or resources. However, this finding should not be interpreted as older adults being universally less vulnerable. Numerous studies have shown that older adults are at significantly higher risk during heatwaves due to physiological and social factors, which our analysis may not fully capture. Relative risk for high vulnerability was higher for females (RRR = 1.42, p = 0.01) and residents in the South (RRR = 2.05, p = 0.003) and West (RRR = 9.31, p < 0.001) geographic regions. Relative risk for heat-drought was higher for Hispanic adults (RRR = 1.51, p = 0.03), but lower for high school graduates (RRR = 0.40, p = 0.01) compared to those who did not complete high school. Conclusions We identified several underlying climate event exposure subpopulations, ranging from low to high vulnerability. As climate-related events become more frequent, our results provide critical insights for stakeholders to identify high-risk individuals and prioritize resources for disaster management.SMURUpstate Medical UniversityPublic Health and Preventive MedicineN/

Non-neutralizing Antibodies in the Complex Dance of Dengue Clearance and Immune Avoidance

Dengue virus (DENV) is endemic in over 100 countries causing widespread morbidity and mortality. Approximately 400 million people are infected annually with one of the four immunologically and genetically distinct serotypes of DENV, resulting in 100 million symptomatic cases and at least 40,000 deaths. While the mechanisms behind the pathophysiology of severe DENV infection are complex and incompletely understood, it has been previously suggested that antibodies directed against the DENV envelope (E) protein can facilitate antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) of the virus during secondary DENV infections, increasing the number of infected cells and the clinical severity of infection in an exposed individual. However, there are other functional roles for antibodies outside neutralization of the virion. In this thesis, we describe the roles of non-neutralizing antibodies during DENV-infection. We show that IgG and IgA non-structural protein 1 (NS1)- and E-reactive antibodies are capable of mediating monocytic phagocytosis of DENV-infected cells. We show that secreted NS1 (sNS1) acts as immunological chaff and abrogates NS1-reactive antibody-mediated phagocytosis. We also begin to investigate the potential of phagocytosis of DENV-infected cells to lead to lead to infection of phagocytic monocytes. The findings described in these studies have implications in therapeutics and vaccinations targeting both NS1 and E protein.NAUpstate Medical UniversityMicrobiology & ImmunologyPhDWaickman, Ada

The Impact of Multimodal Approaches on Language Acquisition and Academic Performance for English Language Learners

Multimodal approaches such as technology incorporation, interactive activities and visual aids have had substantial positive impact on English language learners, as well as other students in their academic performance and language acquisition. The problem is many teachers still heavily rely on traditional teaching methods in their classroom which does not meet the unique learning styles of language learners. Inadequate instruction traditional teaching methods present and the lack of engagement and motivation for the students. Multimodal approaches have positive effects on student language learning and academic success. My goal is to share my research and professional development to teachers to help guide them in changing their traditional teaching methods to a multimodal approach that will strengthen student’s academic performance, language acquisition, engagement in materials and motivation to learn.AMSUNY BrockportDepartment of Education and Human DevelopmentMSAltalouli, Mahmou

Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of infectious diseases at the intersection of individual disease diagnosis, treatment, and public health

VoRSUNY DownstateN/