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    El aprendizaje de la lengua castellana basado en juegos. Diseño e implementación para un alumnado de primero de primaria

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    Actualmente, la sociedad ha cambiado y este hecho se ha visto reflejado en las aulas. Por lo que la multiculturalidad está muy presente en ellas. En este caso, se pretende que el aprendizaje de la lengua castellana, por medio de actividades lúdicas, mejore en la comunidad escolar, tanto en aquel alumnado multicultural y en el alumnado de Atención a la Diversidad, es decir, aquellos que presentan necesidad específica de apoyo educativo, donde están incluidos aquellos que tienen necesidad de compensación educativa, como el desconocimiento del idioma y aquellos que presentan necesidades educativas especiales, entre otros. En este trabajo se han realizado adaptaciones de juegos tradicionales, a los saberes básicos que se explican en cada situación de aprendizaje.Currently, society has changed and this fact has been reflected in the classrooms. Therefore, multiculturalism is very present in them. In this case, it is intended that the learning of the Spanish language, through recreational activities, improves in the school community, both in multicultural students and in Attention to Diversity students, that is, those who have a specific need for educational support, which includes those who need educational compensation, such as lack of knowledge of the language and those who have special educational needs, among others. In this work, adaptations of traditional games have been made to the basic knowledge that is explained in each learning situation.Grado en Educación Primari

    Combinatorial aspects of sequences of blow-ups

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    We study sequences of blow-ups at smooth centers ZsπsZs1πs1π2Z1π1Z0Z_{s}\xrightarrow{\pi_{s}} Z_{s-1}\xrightarrow{\pi_{s-1}}\cdot\cdot\cdot\xrightarrow{\pi_{2}} Z_{1}\xrightarrow{\pi_{1}} Z_{0} and the associated sequential morphism π:ZsZ0\pi: Z_{s}\rightarrow Z_{0}. To this end, we introduce the key concept of a final divisor, that is, an irreducible exceptional component for which there exists an open set UiU_{i} on ZiZ_{i}, with EiiUiE_{i}^{i}\subset U_{i}, such that the restriction of the composition πi+1πi+2...πs1πsUi\pi_{i+1}\circ\pi_{i+2}\circ...\circ\pi_{s-1}\circ\pi_{s}\vert_{U_{i}} defines an isomorphism. Furthermore, we study the admissible proximity relations between two final divisors with non empty intersection.\\ In the case of sequences of point blow-ups in arbitrary dimension and the corresponding sequential morphisms, we define two equivalence relations: the algebraic equivalence and the combinatorial equivalence, which allow us to classify them. By proving a result that characterizes final divisors in terms of some relations defined over the Chow group of zero-cycles of its sky, we are able to recover the sequence of blow-ups, modulo algebraic equivalence, from the associated sequential morphism. As a result, we establish a connection between the corresponding algebraic and combinatorial equivalence classes of these two objects. Moreover, we give an explicit presentation of an algebraic object associated to the sky of a sequence, that is its Chow ring A(Zs)A^{\bullet}(Z_{s}), and obtain a surprising result: two sequences of blow-ups of the same length have isomorphic Chow rings. \\ In the case of sequences of point and rational curve blow-ups, we also characterize final divisors by explicitly giving their defining relations over A0(Zs)A_{0}(Z_{s}), and we introduce an explicit presentation of the Chow ring of its sky A(Zs)A^{\bullet}(Z_{s}). By contrast to the case of sequences of point blow-ups, we prove that two sequences of point and rational curve blow-ups may not have isomorphic Chow rings even if they have the same length and proximity relations.En este trabajo se estudian secuencias de explosiones en centros lisos ZsπsZs1πs1π2Z1π1Z0Z_{s}\xrightarrow{\pi_{s}} Z_{s-1}\xrightarrow{\pi_{s-1}}\cdot\cdot\cdot\xrightarrow{\pi_{2}} Z_{1}\xrightarrow{\pi_{1}} Z_{0} y los correspondientes morfismos secuenciales asociados π:ZsZ0\pi: Z_{s}\rightarrow Z_{0}. Con este objetivo, se introduce el concepto clave de divisor final, que se define como una componente irreducible del divisor excepcional EiE_{i} para la que existe un abierto UiU_{i} en ZiZ_{i}, tal que EiiUiE_{i}^{i}\subset U_{i}, y de modo que la restricción de la composición πi+1πi+2...πs1πsUi\pi_{i+1}\circ\pi_{i+2}\circ...\circ\pi_{s-1}\circ\pi_{s}\vert_{U_{i}} define un isomorfismo. Además, se estudian las posibles relaciones de proximidad entre dos divisores finales que tienen intersección no vacía. \\ En el caso de secuencias de explosiones en puntos en dimensión arbitraria y de sus correspondientes morfismos secuenciales, se definen dos relaciones de equivalencia: la equivalencia algebraica y la equivalencia combinatoria, que nos permite clasificarlos. A través de un resultado que caracteriza los divisores finales en términos de relaciones sobre el grupo de Chow de 0-ciclos del cielo de la secuencia, se puede recuperar la secuencia de explosiones, módulo equivalencia algebraica, a partir del morfismo secuencial correspondiente. Como consecuencia, se establece una conexión entre las clases de equivalencia algebraica y combinatoria de estos dos objetos. Además, se da una presentación explícita de un objeto algebraico asociado al cielo de la secuencia, su anillo de Chow A(Zs)A^{\bullet}(Z_{s}), y se demuestra un resultado sorprendente: dos secuencias de explosiones de la misma longitud tienen anillos de Chow isomorfos. \\ En el caso de secuencias de explosiones en puntos y curvas racionales, también se carateriza los divisores finales dando explícitamente relaciones sobre A0(Zs)A_{0}(Z_{s}), y se introduce una presentación explícita del anillo de Chow de su cielo A(Zs)A^{\bullet}(Z_{s}). En contraste con lo que sucede en el caso de secuencias de explosiones en puntos, se demuestra que dos secuencias de explosiones en puntosy curvas racionales pueden no tener anillos de Chow isomorfos incluso si tienen la misma longitud y el mismo tipo de relaciones de proximidad.Escuela de DoctoradoDoctorado en Matemática

    Native parasitoids recruitment as potential controllers of Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera; Cynipidae) in recently colonised areas

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    Producción CientíficaIn this work, we investigate the native parasitoid community colonising galls by an invasive pest: the oriental chestnut gall wasp (OCGW), Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera; Cynipidae). We tried to understand how native parasitoids react after the arrival of the pest (two-year sampling period) in the province of Zamora (Castilla & León region, N-W Spain). For this purpose, we collected both, chestnut galls from six stands and oak galls from surrounding oak groves. Our results highlight the response to D. kuriphilus provided by the oak gall wasps that naturally inhabit Quercus pyrenaica. The parasitoid community showed a core assemblage composed of Eurytoma brunniventris, Torymus flavipes and T. sinensis in OCGW galls, and Baryscapus diaphantus, Bootanomyia dorsalis, Eupelmus urozonus, E. brunniventris, Mesopolobus lichtensteini, T. affinis, and T. flavipes in oak galls. We identified the torymid T. flavipes as one of the most common parasitoids of OCGW, in addition to the exotic parasitoid T. sinensis, never officially released in the region but present in the study area. In addition, we intend to know its possible incidence on non-target cynipids. We have found an intense connection in the food web with some chalcids that establish interactions with the gall wasp, both in adult instar (emerging from reared galls) and larval (presence of larvae in OCGW gall chambers, identified by dissection). We also describe the flight phenology of D. kuriphilus in our study area (as far as we know, the first one focused in Castilla & León region) and evaluate the overlap between OCGW and native and exotic parasitoids showing a promising role of native guild as biocontrollers.This study was partially funded by the Recognised Research Group: Ecology and Conservation of Flora and Fauna of the University of Valladoli

    Atropisomerism of diflunisal unveiled by rotational spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations

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    Producción CientíficaThe most stable conformer of laser-ablated diflunisal has been isolated in a supersonic expansion and experimentally detected through high-resolution chirped-pulse rotational spectroscopy. State-of-the-art chemical calculations allowed to understand the nature of the strong stabilization of the detected conformer and its atropisomer among a total of sixteen theoretically predicted conformers and confirmed the presence of a resonance assisted hydrogen bond (RAHB) between the hydroxyl hydrogen atom and the carbonyl oxygen atom of the carboxylic acid group. The comparison of the experimental data from this work and the information found in the literature about the molecule in condensed phases corroborates the existence of these two atropisomers and is contextualized within the complexation arrangement of diflunisal with relevant proteins.This project has been funded by grants PID2022-136919NA-C33 of the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. The authors also acknowledge the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2021-125207NB-C33) and the Junta de Castilla y León (Grant INFRARED-FEDER IR2020-1-UVa02). A.V. would like to thank the University of Valladolid and Banco Santander for his Ph.D. grant

    La competencia lingüistica escrita en 1º curso de educación primaria

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    La competencia lingüística (niveles fónico, ortográfico, gramatical y léxico-semántico) forma parte de la competencia comunicativa de los hablantes-escritores. El desarrollo de la competencia lingüística escrita es fundamental en la Educación Primaria, permite a los estudiantes comunicarse de forma correcta según normas del idioma. La función del docente es importante, propone metodologías activas que fomenten la creatividad, el aprendizaje colaborativo y el interés por la escritura. La producción de textos escritos narrativos y descriptivos motiva especialmente el aprendizaje ortográfico, gramatical y léxico-semántico. Aunque existen usos anormativos de grafías (h, b/v, g/j…) y de mayúsculas, la muestra formada por niños y niñas de primer curso de Educación Primaria ha progresado en sus escritos, sobre todo en la ortografía de la puntuación. En cuanto a la gramática, predominan estructuras bien formadas, aunque algunos textos reflejan una organización más espontánea que estructurada.Grado en Educación Primari

    Beyond Green capitalism: Global scenarios for fast societal transitions toward sustainability

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    Producción CientíficaAddressing the theoretical underpinnings of state involvement in transformative societal changes, this study employs a neo-Gramscian and functionalist framework to develop six Fast Sustainability Transitions (FST) scenarios: Greener growth (FST1), Greener inclusive growth (FST2), Survivalist capitalist economies (FST3), Greener South-led development (FST4), Sufficiency economies (FST5) and Gaia economies (FST6). These scenarios depict different pathways through which states approach ‘sustainability’, emphasizing reductions in the world economy's scale and shifts toward post-growth and/or ecocentric societies. The scenarios underscore the necessity of structural changes in the global politico-economic system alongside technological advancements. While FST1-6 outline opportunities for fast societal transformation catalyzed through ‘Black Swans’, they also point to significant obstacles to timely transitions. To build bridges between policy research and technology-focused modelling we complement the storylines and associated policies with a proposal facilitating the introduction of the scenarios into quantitative models

    Reduction of CO2 captured in basic solutions with biomass as reducing agent and metallic catalysts

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    Producción CientíficaCO2 capture and utilization technologies can make an important contribution to the decarbonization of industry. However, capture processes entail significant economic and energy costs, mainly associated with the purification, compression and transport of CO2. These costs would be reduced if captured CO2 could be transformed in situ into useful products, avoiding purification, compression and transport costs. This work presents a hydrothermal process in which CO2 absorbed in aqueous solutions as bicarbonate is reduced with biomass waste to give formic acid as a joint product of the biomass and CO2 transformation, and acetic and lactic acids as byproducts from the decomposition of the biomass. Several biomass materials are applied as reductants: softwood, sugarcane bagasse, sugar beet, cork, pine needles, vermicompost and pure cellulose as reference material. Moreover, different catalysts are tested to improve conversion yield: Pd(5%)/C and Pd(10%)/C, Ru(5%)/C and activated carbon. The best results (18% formic acid yield) are obtained using pure cellulose as biomass and Pd(5%)/C catalyst. The next best results are obtained with the biomasses with the highest cellulose content, such as wood (11%) and sugarcane bagasse (9%). Experiments performed with labelled H13CO3− as carbon source at 300 °C using the Pd(5%)/C catalyst demonstrate that over 70% of the produced formic acid is formed from the inorganic bicarbonate carbon source. These high yields of conversion using renewable biomass as reductant can contribute to improve the technical and economic feasibility of CO2 capture technology.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PID2023-150529OB-I00)Junta de Castilla y León/FEDER (CLU-2019-04)Universidad de Valladolid y Banco Santander (contrato predoctoral)Fundación Naturgy (Premio Fundación Naturgy-CSIC a la investigación e innovación tecnológica en el ámbito energético

    La Inteligencia emocional a través del arte

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    Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado examina la relación entre la inteligencia emocional y la educación infantil a través del arte, analizando el impacto del proyecto pedagógico Raíces para Crecer. La investigación parte de la premisa de que el arte no solo es una herramienta expresiva, sino también un medio esencial para el desarrollo socioemocional de los niños. Para el análisis de contenido de las entrevistas realizadas a docentes y mediadores artísticos, así como de los datos recogidos en la observación participante y los grupos focales. El estudio concluye que la educación emocional basada en el arte constituye una estrategia efectiva para potenciar el bienestar infantil y fomentar habilidades socioemocionales esenciales para el desarrollo integral del niño. Finalmente, se sugieren futuras líneas de investigación sobre la implementación de metodologías artísticas en distintos contextos educativos y su impacto en la formación emocional de los niñosGrado en Educación Infanti

    The Spanish Vowels: The Great Forgotten in the Spanish Classroom

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    In this article, we explore how vowel pronunciation in Spanish is often overlooked in language instruction, despite its critical role in learner comprehension and communication. Our study identifies the most common vowel errors among English-speaking learners—vowel reduction, vowel alternation, and diphthongization—and presents a series of classroom activities to help students develop both perception and production skills. By implementing explicit vowel instruction and structured practice, we aim to improve students' pronunciation accuracy, boost their confidence, and encourage more meaningful interactions with native speakers. The proposed activities are adaptable across different proficiency levels, ensuring flexibility for instructors

    Factores ambientales e inmunológicos asociados a la gravedad de la infección por virus respiratorio sincitial en pediatría

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    Introduction: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children under two years of age. Several factors, intrinsic and extrinsic to the patient, determine the severity of the disease. Objectives: 1.- To evaluate the association of meteorological conditions and air pollution with hospital admissions for acute viral LRTI in children under two years of age. 2.- To analyze whether the expression of inflammatory and antiviral genes in the peripheral blood of children under two years of age with RSV bronchiolitis is associated with severe hypoxemia and disease progression. Material and methods: Three studies were designed: 1.- Environmental factors and pollutants: A bidirectional case-crossover study was conducted on 30,445 children with acute LRTI under two years of age, using data from the Minimum Basic Data Set (CMBD) between 2013 and 2015. Environmental data were obtained from the State Meteorological Agency (AEMET). The association was evaluated using conditional logistic regression. 2.- Expression of inflammatory and antiviral genes and hypoxemia: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 121 RSV-infected children requiring hospital admission between 2015 and 2023. Total RNA was extracted from blood samples, and gene expression (IL-6, TNFα, CXCL8, ISG15, IFIT1, RIGI, IFNβ, CCL5, and CXCL10) was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The outcome variable was severe hypoxemia (SpO2 ≤90%) at the time of hospital admission. Association analysis was performed using a volcano plot, logistic regression adjusted for relevant clinical variables, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). 3.- Expression of inflammatory and antiviral genes and progression of bronchiolitis: A prospective study was conducted on 117 infants between 2015 and 2023. The expression levels of nine inflammatory and antiviral genes were quantified by PCR. The infants were classified according to their evolution during admission into two groups: (i) no progression (n=74) and (ii) unfavorable progression (n=43). The association analysis was performed using logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, prematurity, and severity. Results: Study 1: Lower temperatures one week before hospitalization (q=0.012) and higher relative humidity one and two weeks before the event (q=0.003 and q<0.001, respectively) were associated with a higher probability of hospital admission. In addition, higher levels of NO2 two weeks before the event were also associated with increased hospital admissions (q<0.001). Finally, on the event day, higher concentrations of SO2 (compared with 1-week (q=0.026) and 2-week (q<0.001) lags), O3 (compared with 3-day (q<0.001), 1-week (q<0.001), and 2-week (q<0.001) lags), and PM10 (compared with 2-week (q<0.001) lag) were associated with increased odds of viral LRTI hospital admissions. Study 2: We found that CXCL8 was overexpressed (>2-fold; q<0.05) in children with severe hypoxemia, whereas ISG15, IFIT1, RIGI, IFNβ, CCL5, and CXCL10 were underexpressed (<-2-fold; q<0.05). These associations were confirmed by adjusted logistic regression. OPLS-DA analysis showed that gene expressions of CXCL8, ISG15, IFIT1, RIGI, and CXCL10 had variable importance in projection values (VIP) ≥1, being the most relevant features. Study 3: Univariate logistic models showed that low TNFα and CCL5 expression levels at baseline were associated with unfavorable RSV bronchiolitis progression. This was confirmed by multivariate analysis: TNFα (aOR=0.8; 95% CI=0.64 - 0.99; p=0.038) and CCL5 (aOR=0.76; 95% CI=0.62 - 0.93; p=0.007). Conclusions: 1.- Short-term exposure to environmental factors, such as weather conditions and pollutants, is related to increased hospitalizations in children with acute LRTI under two years of age. 2.- An imbalance in the innate response that favors inflammation over antiviral defense could contribute to severe hypoxemia in RSV-infected children. 3.- An inadequate immune response against RSV, characterized by low levels of CCL5 and TNFα gene expression in peripheral blood, was associated with an unfavorable evolution of RSV bronchiolitis.Introducción: El virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS) es la principal causa de infección respiratoria aguda del tracto inferior (IRAB) en menores de dos años. Diversos factores condicionan la gravedad. Objetivos: 1.- Evaluar la asociación de las condiciones meteorológicas y la contaminación con los ingresos por IRAB viral en menores de dos años. 2.- Analizar si la expresión de genes inflamatorios y antivirales en sangre periférica de menores de dos años con bronquiolitis por VRS se asocia con hipoxemia y con progresión de la enfermedad. Material y métodos: Se diseñaros tres estudios: 1.- Factores ambientales y contaminantes: estudio bidireccional cruzado con casos de IRAB viral en 30.445 niños menores de dos años, utilizando datos del Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos entre 2013 y 2015. Los datos ambientales se obtuvieron de la AEMET. La asociación se evaluó mediante regresión logística condicional. 2.- Expresión de genes inflamatorios y antivirales e hipoxemia: estudio transversal con 121 niños infectados por VRS que precisaron ingreso entre 2015 y 2023. Se extrajo ARN total de muestras de sangre y se cuantificó la expresión génica de nueve genes mediante PCR. La variable de resultado fue hipoxemia grave (SpO2≤90%) en el momento del ingreso. El análisis de asociación se realizó mediante un gráfico de volcán, regresión logística ajustada por variables clínicas y análisis discriminante de mínimos cuadrados parciales ortogonales (OPLS-DA). 3.- Expresión de genes inflamatorios y antivirales y progresión de bronquiolitis: estudio prospectivo con 117 menores de dos años entre 2015 y 2023. Los niveles de expresión de nueve genes inflamatorios y antivirales se cuantificaron mediante PCR. Los pacientes se clasificaron según su evolución durante el ingreso en no progresión (n=74) y progresión desfavorable (n=43). El análisis de asociación se realizó mediante regresión logística, ajustado por edad, sexo, prematuridad y gravedad. Resultados: Estudio 1: Temperaturas más bajas una semana antes (q=0,012) y una mayor humedad relativa una y dos semanas antes del ingreso (q=0,003 y q<0,001, respectivamente) se asociaron con una mayor probabilidad de ingresos. Además, niveles más altos de NO2 dos semanas antes del evento también se asociaron con ingresos (q<0,001). Finalmente, concentraciones más altas el día del evento de SO2 (en comparación con retraso de una (q=0,026) y dos semanas (q<0,001)), O3 (en comparación con el retraso de 3 días (q<0,001), una (q<0,001) y dos semanas (q<0,001)) y PM10 (en comparación con el retraso de dos semanas (q<0,001)) se relacionaron con un aumento de las probabilidades de ingresos por IRAB viral. Estudio 2: Encontramos que CXCL8 estaba sobreexpresada (>2 veces; q <0,05) en niños con hipoxemia grave, mientras que ISG15, IFIT1, RIGI, IFNβ, CCL5 y CXCL10 estaban infraexpresados (<-2 veces; q <0,05). Estas asociaciones se confirmaron mediante regresión logística ajustada. El análisis OPLS-DA mostró que las expresiones génicas de CXCL8, ISG15, IFIT1, RIGI y CXCL10 tenían valores de importancia variable en proyección ≥1, siendo las características más relevantes. Estudio 3: Modelos logísticos univariantes mostraron que la expresión de TNFα y CCL5 al inicio del estudio se asociaba inversamente con una progresión desfavorable. Esto se confirmó mediante análisis multivariantes: TNFα (aOR=0,8; IC 95%=0,64 - 0,99; p=0,038) y CCL5 (aOR=0,76; IC 95%=0,62 - 0,93; p=0,007). Conclusiones: 1.- La exposición a factores ambientales a corto plazo, como las condiciones climáticas y los contaminantes, está relacionada con un aumento en hospitalizaciones por IRAB viral. 2.- Un desequilibrio en la respuesta innata que favorece la inflamación sobre la defensa antiviral podría contribuir a la hipoxemia grave en niños infectados por VRS. 3.- Una respuesta inmune inadecuada al VRS, con bajos niveles de expresión genética de CCL5 y TNFα en sangre periférica, se asoció con una evolución desfavorable de la bronquiolitis.Escuela de DoctoradoDoctorado en Investigación en Ciencias de la Salu

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