The relationship between the 1200 m shuttle test and 40 m sprint test performance and distances covered in English Premier League matches: A retrospective two season study

To identify a relationship between the 1200 m shuttle test and 40 m sprint test performance with distances covered at varying intensities in English Premier League (EPL) matches. A squad (n = 21) of full-time professional 1st team male football players (age 29.8±3.4 years; height 183.7±5.2 cm; weight 83.7±6.9 kg) participated in this study. League match data from the 2019–20 and 2020–21 seasons were recorded and analysed via an Optical Tracking System (OTS) (Second Spectrum®, Los Angeles, USA) to report physical match performance data. Average velocity during the 1200 m shuttle test (V1.2ST) was calculated, while Peak sprinting speed (PSS) was estimated using a 40 m maximal sprint. ASR1.2ST was established by subtracting V1.2ST from PSS. The relationship between V1.2ST, 30%ASR1.2ST and distances covered at varying intensities in EPL matches was assessed by a series of independent Linear Mixed Effects (LME) models. Although not statistically significant, for every unit increase in V1.2ST, there was an increase of 1032 m in distance covered, (p = 0.07). A single unit increase in 30%ASR1.2ST is associated with a significant increase of 495 m in high-speed running distance (> 5.5 m·s −1) (p = 0.02). While for each unit increase in 30%ASR1.2ST, sprint distance (> 7 m·s −1) covered significantly increased by 209 m (p = 0.02). In conclusion, high levels of physical fitness such as V1.2ST and 30%ASR1.2ST derived from the 1200 m shuttle and 40 m sprint tests can improve match running performance in elite soccer. Knowledge of this information allows practitioners to tailor training load based on each players individual characteristics, potentially increasing performance.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The effect of Panax ginseng supplementation on markers of resistance exercise-induced muscle damage: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION: According to the PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review of randomized controlled trials examined whether Panax gin seng supplementation reduces resistance to exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and Medline databases were searched from the 16th of December 2021 to the 18th of February 2022. Inclusion criteria were studies in humans consuming Panax ginseng that employed resistance training as the damaging muscle protocol and measured markers implicated in the etiology of EIMD (muscle damage, muscle function and muscle soreness). The PEDro risk of bias assessment tool was used to appraise the studies critically. RESULTS: Conflicting evidence was evident in markers of muscle damage, muscle function and muscle soreness. The quality assessment sug gested that all studies had some level of bias. CONCLUSIONS: From 180, six studies were included in the systematic review. The main findings suggest that Panax ginseng does not attenu ate markers of EIMD following resistance training. However, research is still preliminary. Adequately powered sample sizes and well-controlled studies are warranted to clarify Panax ginseng’s efficacy.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Positional training demands in the English Premier League and EnglishChampionship. A longitudinal study across consecutive seasons

The aims of this study were to: compare training loads between the English Premier League (EPL) and English Championship League (ECL) and examine differences between playing positions. Forty-six 1st team players from the same club participated in the study. GPS metrics were obtained during all EPL and ECL training sessions across four consecutive seasons, 2019–20 to 2022–23. The study team was promoted from the ECL at the end of season 2020–21. There was a significant interaction effect between position and league for all GPS metrics (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.001–0.003), except for relative high-speed running (HSR) distance, sprint distance, and sprint efforts (p > 0.05). A significant main effect for league for all GPS metrics (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.001–0.009) was found, with EPL training sessions resulting in greater total distance per minute, HSR distance per minute, high metabolic load distance (HMLD) per minute, number of HML efforts, accelerations, and decelerations per minute compared to training in the ECL (p < 0.001; d = 0.061–0.224). For position, a significant main effect for all GPS metrics (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.001–0.005) was observed. Centre midfielders covered more distance per minute than all other positions (p < 0.001, d = 0.040–0.167). In conclusion, higher training values in the EPL were evident, except for centre forwards, providing some guidance on the differing positional physical demands that may support coaches and practitioners to design position-specific drills incorporating physical and technical/tactical strategiesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The positional demands of explosive actions in elite soccer: comparison of English Premier League and French Ligue 1

The aims of the present study were to: (i) quantify accelerations and decelerations of soccer players during match-play acrosstwo consecutive seasonsfrom the English PremierLeague (EPL) and Ligue 1 (L1); and (ii) compare any positional differences between the two leagues. Fifty-eight male professional soccer players were monitored during all league matches (n = 144) across seasons 2020/21 and 2021/22. The absolute number of accelerations (> +3 m/s−2) and decelerations (< -3 m/s−2) and accelerations and decelerations per minute were examined. The relative number of accelerations and decelerations across all positions was higher with moderate effect sizes in the EPL when compared to L1 (p < 0.001, for both). Significant differences were observed in accelerations and decelerations across all playing positions (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001 respectively, with moderate to very large effect sizes), except for centre forwards (CF) (accelerations p = 0.40; ES = 0.16; decelerations p = 0.97; ES = 0.01). This study provides valuable insights into the positional acceleration and deceleration differences in the EPL and L1, which should be considered in match running performance evaluations. While confirming higher accelerations and decelerations in the EPL, the unique case of CF challenges current evidence, emphasising the need for a more granular understanding of the positional demands of explosive actions incorporating accelerations and decelerations in elite soccer.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Noções de Accountability na reestruturação da administração pública brasileira (1822-1831)

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar as noções de accountability, incluindo mecanismos de responsabilização e prestação de contas, no caso da reestruturação da administração pública brasileira entre 1822 e 1831. Para o efeito, foi empreendida uma análise empírica que teve como base os relatórios do Ministério da Justiça, Ministério da Fazenda e Anais do Congresso Brasileiro. Os documentos de arquivo foram localizados no Center For Research Libraries e na Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil. Os resultados mostram indícios de duas modalidades de accountability no primeiro reinado, hierárquica e horizontal, assim como improbidade e imoralidade administrativa dos agentes públicos. Indicam também que a intervenção contábil atingiu a accountability, uma vez que informações da contabilidade eram necessárias para a prestação de contas. Por fim, o estudo indica que o conceito de accountability não deve ser considerado como um conjunto de processos peculiarmente moderno no contexto brasileiro.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Gravity Model and International Trade:A Survey of the Literature

The gravity model, which is applied to international trade, explains the conceptual models of international business. It has been used in various areas of the global economy, such as trade, foreign direct investment, and even the determinants of tourist demand at the level of countries and sectors of economic activity. In terms of the methodology, this study of the gravity model followed the PRISMA requirements and bibliometric analysis (co-occurrence of keywords and network of co-authorship), which were applied to the Scopus database. In terms of the results, economic, geographical distance, and location variables are essential in explaining international trade.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Does elite European match-play affect salivary immunoglobulin- a and cortisol in soccer players? The influence of playing status and match outcome

Introduction: The aims of this study were to: a) investigate salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) and cortisol (s-Cort) responses to nine competitive fixtures in starting and non- starting soccer players; and b) compare s-IgA and s Cort responses of starters and non-starters considering match outcome. Methods: Saliva from 19 male outfield players from an elite soccer team (mean ± SD, age 26 ± 4 years; weight 80.5 ± 8.1 kg; height 1.83 ± 0.07 m; body-fat 10.8% ± 0.7%) was collected. Saliva samples were taken on the day before each match (MD-1), 60-min before kick-off (MDpre), 30-min post-match (MDpost), and 72-h post-match (MD+3). There were five wins, one draw and three losses. Results: The mean s-IgA value was found to be significantly lower at MD+3 compared to MDpre and MDpost. s-Cort was significantly higher at MDpost compared to MD-1 and MDpre. When compared to MDpre, a statistically significant decrease in s-Cort was observed at MD+3 compared to MDpost. Starters displayed higher s-Cort values across the nine matches. There was a significant group-by-time interaction for s-Cort. There was a significant increase in s-Cort levels at MDpost compared to MD-1 and from MDpre to MDpost in starting players. At MDpost, starters had significantly higher s-Cort values. s-IgA values of starting and non- starting players following successful and unsuccessful matches did not reveal a significant difference. However, similar analysis of s-Cort in successful matches showed a significant difference between starters and non starters. s-IgA values at MD-1, MDpre, MDpost and MD+3 in starters and non starters following successful and unsuccessful matches revealed significant differences at MDpre and MDpost in starters, respectively. Furthermore, s-Cort values at MD-1, MDpre, MDpost and MD+3 in starters and non-starters in successful and unsuccessful matches revealed significant differences at MD+3 in starting players.Discussion: The present study suggests that in elite level soccer players, both starting status and match outcome influence s-IgA and s-Cort responses, particularly starters. Specifically, s-IgA was lower for starters before and after the match following successful outcomes. Moreover, higher s-Cort values were found before the match while lower values occurred after the match for starters in successful matches.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Innovative learning environments: a learning experience with in-service teachers

The challenges of modern society have led educators to reconceptualize formal learning spaces, into flexible spaces, imbued with technologies and active methodologies. To achieve this goal, a course was developed in an in-service teacher education Master program to support teachers in developing learning scenarios for innovative learning environments (ILEs). The aims of the current study are to understand the impact of this course on teachers’ preparation to create learning scenarios appropriate for ILEs, and on teachers’ perspectives about the potential benefits and challenges of ILEs. Twelve in-service teachers enrolled in the Master program participated in the study. Data collection included teachers’ assignments, learning scenarios and a survey. Results showed that developing learning scenarios had a positive influence on teachers’ perspectives toward ILEs. Specifically, the participants revealed that they had developed skills to elaborate, implement and assess learning scenarios in ILE; and to reflect on the contribution of ILEs to teaching innovation, to curricular management and to teachers’ practices. Moreover, the course improved their awareness about the importance of interdisciplinarity and teacher collaboration. These findings suggest that the skills developed by the teachers during the course could be mobilized for their practice due to their willingness to innovate in their schools.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Drop set versus protocolos de entrenamiento de fuerza tradicionales de igual volumen en el grosor muscular en mujeres

Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two strength training protocols, equated in volume, on the elbow flexor muscle thickness (MT) in women. Methods Twenty-seven women (mean±sd, age 21.89±2.85 years; stature,167.82±5.90 cm; body mass 63.01±7.20 kg; estimate of body fat mass, 19.19±2.88%) were divided in three experimental groups: a drop-set (DS), a traditional (TR), and a control group (CG). The CG maintained regular strength training without perform any upper body exercises. The participants performed a dumbbell biceps curl for two days per week for 12 weeks 4 sets of 3 blocks of 10 repetitions at 75%, 55%, and 35% of their 1 Repetition Maximum (RM) for the DS group, and 8 sets of 11 repetitions at 75% of the 1RM for the TR protocol. Rest interval between sets was 120 seconds for both groups. The MT was acquired in the anterior face of both upper arms at 50% and 60% of the distance between the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the acromial process of the scapula before (T0) and after the 24 training sessions (T1). Results There was a significant increase in all MT measurements between T0 and T1for the training groups(p<0.05). In addition, significantly higher values of MT were found in the training groups compared to the control group for all local measurements in T1 (p<0.05). No significant differences were found between training the groups for MT. Conclusion It appears that both training groups (DS and TR), were effective in promoting MT of the elbow flexors muscles of young women with no differences between training strategies.Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los efectos de dos protocolos de entrenamiento de fuerza, equiparados en volumen, sobre el grosor del músculo flexor (MT) del codo en mujeres. Métodos: Veintisiete mujeres (media ± DE, edad 21,89 ± 2,85 años; estatura, 167,82 ± 5,90 cm; masa corporal 63,01 ± 7,20 kg; estimación de la masa grasa corporal, 19,19 ± 2,88 %) se dividieron en tres grupos experimentales: a drop-set (DS), un tradicional (TR) y un grupo de control (CG). El GC mantuvo un entre namiento de fuerza regular sin realizar ningún ejercicio de la parte superior del cuerpo. El grupo DS realizó un curl de bíceps con mancuernas durante dos días a la semana, 12 semanas, 4 series de 3 bloques de 10 repeticiones al 75 %, 55 % y 35 % de su 1 Repetición Máxima (RM), y 8 series de 11 repeticiones al 75% del 1RM para el protocolo TR. El intervalo de descanso entre series fue de 120 segundos. El MT se adquirió en la cara anterior de ambos brazos al 50% y 60% de la distancia entre el epicóndilo lateral del húmero y el proceso acromial de la escápula antes (T0) y después de las 24 sesiones de entrenamiento (T1). Resultados: Fue verificado un aumento significativo en todas las mediciones de MT entre T0 y T1 para los grupos de entrenamiento (p<0,05). Además, se encontraron valores significativamente más altos de MT en los grupos de entrenamiento en comparación con el grupo control para todas las mediciones locales en T1 (p<0,05). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos de entrenamiento para MT. Conclusión: parece que ambos grupos de entrenamiento (DS y TR) fueron efectivos para promover la MT de los músculos flexores del codo de mujeres jóvenes sin diferencias entre las estrategias de entrenamiento.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

As conceções dos alunos do 1.º ceb e do 2.º ceb sobre os microrganismos

Mestrado em Ensino do 1º ciclo e de Matemática e Ciências da Naturais no 2º ciclo do Ensino BásicoO presente relatório foi realizado no âmbito da unidade curricular de Investigação na Prática de Ensino Supervisionada do Mestrado em Ensino do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (CEB) e de Matemática e Ciências Naturais no 2.º CEB. O relatório encontra-se estruturado em duas partes. Na primeira, é apresentada uma análise reflexiva da prática de ensino concretizada em quatro contextos de estágio realizados no 1.º CEB e no 2.º CEB, na qual se inclui a caracterização da instituição, das turmas e da prática de ensino. A segunda parte foca-se na componente investigativa realizada com duas turmas, uma do 1.º e outra do 2.º CEB, cujo título é “As conceções dos alunos do 1.º CEB e do 2.º CEB sobre os microrganismos”. Neste contexto, apresentam-se os objetivos e as questões orientadoras, o enquadramento teórico, as opções metodológicas, os participantes, os instrumentos e técnicas de recolha de dados, a apresentação e discussão dos resultados obtidos e as considerações finais do estudo. De forma geral, a partir do estudo realizado conclui-se que a intervenção educativa melhorou o conhecimento dos alunos sobre os microrganismos e que as atividades práticas promoveram as suas aprendizagens sobre este tema. No final deste trabalho é ainda apresentada uma reflexão final sobre todo o percurso académico.This report was carried out as part of the Research in Supervised Teaching Practice curricular unit of the Master's Degree in Teaching the 1st Cycle of Basic Education (CBE) and Mathematics and Natural Sciences in the 2nd CBE. The report is structured in two parts. The first part presents a reflective analysis of the teaching practice carried out in four internship contexts in the 1st CBE and the 2nd CBE, including a description of the educational institution, the classes and the teaching practice. The second part focuses on the research component carried out with two classes, one from the 1st and one from the 2nd CBE, entitled "The conceptions of 1st and 2nd CBE students about microorganisms". An educational intervention was developed to enhance students' understanding of microorganisms, utilizing a designbased research approach. In this context, the objectives and guiding questions, the theoretical framework, the methodological options, the participants, the instruments and data collection techniques, the presentation and discussion of the results obtained and the final considerations of the study, are presented. Overall, the study concludes that the educational intervention improved the students' knowledge of microorganisms and that the practical activities promoted their learning about this subject. A global final reflection is also presented.N/