A comparison of surgical outcomes between outpatient and inpatient robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionSeveral institutions have reported their experience with outpatient robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (O-RARP). However, it is unclear if the utilization of this approach represents an improvement over inpatient robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (I-RARP). This meta-analysis sought to compare the surgical outcomes between O-RARP and I-RARP.MethodsFor relevant articles, three electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, were searched from their inception until April 30, 2022. A meta-analysis has been reported in line with PRISMA 2020 and AMSTAR guidelines. The risk ratio (RR) and weighted mean difference (MD) were applied for the comparison of dichotomous and continuous variables with 95% confidence intervals (CI).Resultsof the 297 retrieved abstracts, 12 underwent full-text review, and 11 studies were included in the final analysis, comprising a total cohort of 2,875 cases of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (892 O-RARP cases and 1,983 I-RARP cases). Compared to I-RARP, the O-RARP group had lower mean operative time (MD = -9.4 minutes, 95% CI -15.1 to -3.7, P = 0.001), fewer overall postoperative complications (RR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.92, P = 0.017), shorter hospital stay (MD = -22.9 hours, 95% CI -26.0 to -19.7, P ≤ 0.001), and lower postoperative opioid requirements (RR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.71, P = 0.001). There were no significant differences in other outcomes, including: estimated blood loss, postoperative pain score, unscheduled visits after surgery, positive surgical margins, biochemical recurrence, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) after surgery, or three- and six-month continence rates.ConclusionsThis meta-analysis demonstrates that O-RARP is a safe and feasible option for patients undergoing surgery for localized prostate cancer. Further studies are needed to better evaluate optimal patient selection, associated healthcare costs, and patient-reported outcomes

Injectable Estradiol Dosing Regimens in Transgender and Nonbinary Adults Listed as Male at Birth.

CONTEXT: Many transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB) seek hormone therapy to achieve physical and emotional changes. Standard therapy includes estradiol, with or without an antiandrogen. Our clinical observations suggest that currently recommended injectable estradiol dosing may lead to supratherapeutic estradiol levels. OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate whether lower-than-recommended doses of injectable estradiol were effective in achieving serum estradiol and testosterone goals. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate injectable estradiol dosing in treatment-naive AMAB individuals initiating hormone therapy. Data from a single provider at an academic center from January 2017 to March 2023 were analyzed. A total of 29 patients were eligible for inclusion. The primary variables of estradiol dosage, serum estradiol, and testosterone levels were analyzed over 15 months. RESULTS: The average estradiol dose decreased from 4.3 to 3.7 mg weekly (P < .001) during the study period with a final on-treatment estradiol level of 248 pg/mL. All individuals achieved a testosterone level of less than 50 ng/dL during the study period. The average initial on-treatment testosterone level was not significantly different from average final on-treatment measurement of 24.0 mg/dL (P = .95). Spironolactone use at study initiation was not associated with a lower initial on-treatment testosterone level, though it was associated with a lower estradiol level of 285 pg/dL compared to 427 pg/dL for those on estradiol monotherapy (P = .017). CONCLUSION: Lower doses of injectable estradiol can achieve therapeutic estradiol levels with excellent testosterone suppression. Spironolactone was not associated with additional testosterone suppression and may result in lower estradiol levels

Measurement of the Lund jet plane in hadronic decays of top quarks and W bosons with the ATLAS detector

The Lund jet plane (LJP) is measured for the first time in tt¯$$t\bar{t}$$ events, using 140 fb-1$$\textrm{fb}^{-1}$$ of s=13$$\sqrt{s} = 13$$ TeV pp collision data collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The LJP is a two-dimensional observable of the sub-structure of hadronic jets that acts as a proxy for the kinematics of parton showers and hadron formation. The observable is constructed from charged particles and is measured for R=1.0$$R=1.0$$ anti-kt$$k_t$$ jets with transverse momentum above 350 GeV containing the full decay products of either a top quark or a daughter W boson. The other top quark in the event is identified from its decay into a b-quark, an electron or a muon and a neutrino. The measurement is corrected for detector effects and compared with a range of Monte Carlo predictions sensitive to different aspects of the hadronic decays of the heavy particles. In the W-boson-initiated jets, all the predictions are incompatible with the measurement. In the top quark initiated jets, disagreement with all predictions is observed in smaller subregions of the plane, and with a subset of the predictions across the fiducial plane. The measurement could be used to improve the tuning of Monte Carlo generators, for better modelling of hadronic decays of heavy quarks and bosons, or to improve the performance of jet taggers

Colonization Dynamics Explain the Decoupling of Species Richness and Morphological Disparity in Syngnatharian Fishes across Oceans.

AbstractA clear longitudinal gradient in species richness across oceans is observed in extant marine fishes, with the Indo-Pacific exhibiting the greatest diversity. Three non-mutually-exclusive evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed to explain this diversity gradient: time for speciation, center of accumulation, and in situ diversification rates. Using the morphologically disparate syngnatharians (seahorses, dragonets, goatfishes, and relatives) as a study system, we tested these hypotheses and additionally assessed whether patterns of morphological diversity are congruent with species richness patterns. We used well-sampled phylogenies and a suite of phylogenetic comparative methods (including a novel phylogenetically corrected Kruskal-Wallis test) that account for various sources of uncertainty to estimate rates of lineage diversification and morphological disparity within all three major oceanic realms (Indo-Pacific, Atlantic, and eastern Pacific), as well as within the Indo-Pacific region. We find similar lineage diversification rates across regions, indicating that increased syngnatharian diversity in the Indo-Pacific is due to earlier colonizations from the Tethys Sea followed by in situ speciation and more frequent colonizations during the Miocene coinciding with the formation of coral reefs. These results support both time for speciation and center of accumulation hypotheses. Unlike species richness unevenness, shape disparity and evolutionary rates are similar across oceans because of the early origin of major body plans and their subsequent spread via colonization rather than in situ evolution. Our results illustrate how species richness patterns became decoupled from morphological disparity patterns during the formation of a major biodiversity hot spot

Multiple kinesins speed up cargo transport in crowded environments by sharing load

Kinesin motors transport cargoes along microtubules inside of cells. Although it is well known that the cargoes are typically carried by multiple kinesins and that the more motors used, the further the cargoes travel, it has been challenging to determine the number of motors moving a cargo and any instant. Further, there is no unified statement on the relationship between cargo velocity and motor number, especially in the presence of a very crowded cytoplasmic environment. Here, we use a non-invasive method to quantify instantaneous motor number, and use it to investigate the effects of crowded environments on cargo motion when it is carried by multiple kinesins. Our experiments reveal that the velocity of the cargo depends on the number of motors on the cargo and the size of the crowders in crowded environments. Our finding suggests that kinesin tension plays a role in collective motion, which has been confirmed through stochastic kinesin simulations. Overall, our study demonstrates the broad applicability of the non-invasive method to determine engaged motor numbers and sheds light on the intriguing interplay between macromolecular crowding, kinesin tension, and kinesin-mediated cargo transport

Gender and racial diversity socialization in science

Scientific collaboration networks are a form of unequally distributed social capital that shapes both researcher job placement and long-term research productivity and prominence. However, the role of collaboration networks in shaping the gender and racial diversity of the scientific workforce remains unclear. Here we propose a computational null model to investigate the degree to which early-career scientific collaborators with representationally diverse cohorts of scholars are associated with forming or participating in more diverse research groups as established researchers. When testing this hypothesis using two large-scale, longitudinal datasets on scientific collaborations, we find that the gender and racial diversity in a researcher's early-career collaboration environment is strongly associated with the diversity of their collaborators in their established period. This diversity-association effect is particularly prominent for men. Coupled with gender and racial homophily between advisors and advisees, collaborator diversity represents a generational effect that partly explains why changes in representation within the scientific workforce tend to happen very slowly

Spatial analysis of mitochondrial gene expression reveals dynamic translation hubs and remodeling in stress

Protein- and RNA-rich bodies contribute to the spatial organization of gene expression in the cell and are also sites of quality control critical to cell fitness. In most eukaryotes, mitochondria harbor their own genome, and all steps of mitochondrial gene expression co-occur within a single compartment-the matrix. Here, we report that processed mitochondrial RNAs are consolidated into micrometer-scale translation hubs distal to mitochondrial DNA transcription and RNA processing sites in human cells. We find that, during stress, mitochondrial messenger and ribosomal RNA are sequestered in mesoscale bodies containing mitoribosome components, concurrent with suppression of active translation. Stress bodies are triggered by proteotoxic stress downstream of double-stranded RNA accumulation in cells lacking unwinding activity of the highly conserved helicase SUPV3L1/SUV3. We propose that the spatial organization of nascent polypeptide synthesis into discrete domains serves to throttle the flow of genetic information to support recovery of mitochondrial quality control

Facial Recognition in Policing: How Algorithmic Bias Targets People of Color

The presence of racially biased facial recognition technology (FRT) in law enforcement presents significant legal and ethical challenges, especially in its disproportionate impact on communities of color. The biases embedded in FRT systems, due to non-diverse training datasets, lead to misidentifications that result in wrongful arrests, detentions, and broader violations of constitutional rights. This exacerbates systemic racial inequalities and further entrenches discriminatory practices within the criminal justice system. The growing reliance on FRT for policing necessitates comprehensive reforms in both technology and law to address these concerns. Therefore, solutions aimed at reducing racial bias must include diversifying training datasets, improving data quality, and incorporating advanced techniques to enhance the accuracy of these systems. However, technological improvements alone are insufficient to resolve deeper racial issues. A holistic approach is required, involving robust legal frameworks for accountability, extensive training for law enforcement, and independent audits of FRT use to ensure its fair and transparent application. While further research into the practical, large-scale implementation of these reforms is necessary, addressing the intertwined technological and legal challenges is essential to address the widespread concerns presented by racially biased FRT in policing and to protect the rights of all individuals