34298 research outputs found

    The SAVE Plan for Student Loan Repayment: Which Fields and Colleges Benefit Most?

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    The Biden administration launched a new income-driven repayment (IDR) plan for federal student loans this year called Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE). The plan cuts borrowers' monthly payments compared with current IDR plans, provides earlier loan forgiveness for smaller debts, and prevents unpaid interest from accumulating.To better understand how borrowers from different degree programs and higher education institutions will benefit from the new SAVE plan, this report uses College Scorecard data to examine loan repayment patterns for more than 25,000 postsecondary programs.

    Advancing ECE Workforce Compensation and Equity: Key Conditions for a National Lead Teacher Certification

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    This national study of more than 4400 stakeholders in early childhood education (ECE) indicates a strong demand for addressing compensation and equity issues in the field as first steps toward a national lead teacher certification (NLTC).Compensation. Interviewees believed that addressing compensation concerns for all early childhood educators was necessary not only to facilitate the conditions for an eventual NLTC, but also to tackle existing inequities within the field. The low perceived value of a certification without accompanying assurances of increased compensation and other benefits was also raised. Equity. Nearly all participants expressed concerns related to equity, particularly regarding equitable access, support and outcomes associated with an NLTC. Stakeholders raised questions about the potential effects of an NLTC in a field characterized by systemic racism and existing structural barriers.

    Streamlining to End Immigration Backlogs

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    America's legal immigration system is inefficient; the multidepartmental division of authority, duplicative reviews, antiquated technology use, outdated bureaucratic procedures, unresponsive customer service, intense and unwarranted skepticism applied to all applicants, and lack of accountability or oversight have no parallel in the federal government. These deficiencies have spawned spiraling backlogs, unimaginable wait times, lawsuits by applicants, and countless mistakes—all of which cost people time, money, and the rights to live, work, and join their families.This paper will focus on agencies other than the Department of Justice, which almost exclusively handles removal proceedings in immigration courts. The other agencies have a more significant role in legal immigration procedures.The Department of Homeland Security's U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) handles the broadest range of requests: petitions by family or employer sponsors, work authorizations, adjustments of status inside the United States, and so on.The Department of State's Bureau of Consular Affairs ("State") processes applications for immigrant (or permanent) and nonimmigrant (or temporary) visas, both of which authorize travel to the United States.The Department of Labor (DOL) oversees wage and employment rules for most temporary and permanent visa programs

    The Needed Executive Actions to Address the Challenges of Artificial Intelligence

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    While various forms of artificial intelligence tools and applications have been in development for many years, it is the recent deployment of large language models (LLMs, also referred to here at "advanced AI"), such as OpenAI's ChatGPT, that has sparked both global interest and concern. Although advanced AI has recently captured public attention, other forms of AI—already in use in government and industry—also raise concerns due to their potential to inflict harm. The policy issues and recommendations below apply to currently available automated systems—with special consideration of LLM-based AI applications—and with an eye to other forms of advanced AI on the horizon.President Joe Biden should address the challenges and opportunities of AI with an immediate executive order to implement the Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights and establish other safeguards to ensure automated systems deliver on their promise to improve lives, expand opportunity, and spur discovery

    Housing, land and property in the context of climate change, disasters and displacement

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    This brief presents the Norwegian Refugee Council's knowledge and experience in addressing housing, land and property (HLP) issues associated with climate change, disasters and displacement, including those often aggravated by conflict. It is not a comprehensive catalogue of HLP issues, nor does it present the full breadth of NRC's operations. Rather, it reflects the organisation's experience in delivering information counselling and legal assistance (ICLA), shelter and settlements and other programmes, and draws on its role as lead and co-lead of inter-agency coordination. The brief documents examples of NRC's operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, Mozambique, Somalia and South Sudan, countries also identified for the work of the Special Adviser

    2022 Annual Report: 75th Anniversary Edition

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    This 2022 Annual Report documents the 75th year of the Richard King Mellon Foundation, and the second year of our 2021-2030 Strategic Plan. We received 646 applications for funding in 2022. In response, we awarded 303 grants and program-related investments (PRIs), totaling more than $152 million. And we continued in 2022 to broaden significantly the circle of visionary grantees with whom we work. The 2022 grant and PRI recipients included 71 organizations that never before had received Foundation funding, eclipsing the record for new grantees set the year before.In the pages that follow, you will read stories of some of the visionaries we funded in 2022. The leaders and organizations you will meet in those stories are inspiring representatives of our remarkable grantees. Yet they are only a small fraction of the extraordinary people and groups we worked with in 2022, all of whom are worthy of such stories

    Designing a "good life" for livestock: Could gene editing improve farm animal welfare in low- and middle- income countries?

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    Gene editing's successful application to benefit farm animals' welfare is unlikely in the short to medium term, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), given the high costs and low rates of success to date in research settings.Reasons: 1. Gene editing is biased toward outcomes that can be easily measured and assessed. More complex traits associated with animal welfare such as behavior or condition are less likely to be targeted using gene editing.  2. Gene editing has been designed for use in vertically integrated production systems as livestock breeding is centralized and breeds themselves are highly standardised in these systems. Many LMICs lack vertically integrated production systems, have higher numbers of smallholder farmers, lack investment by companies and NGOs to promote these technologies, lack gene editing researchers, and have limited local support for biotechnology research and training.Potential downsides of gene editing: 1. Where the intensification of livestock production is growing, gene editing is likely to further accelerate intensification and disadvantage farmers relying on less intensive production systems. 2. Genetic diversity across traditional breeds is valuable and should be maintained. It is not clear how gene editing could affect this diversity.There may be specific applications that could lead to improvements in animal welfare in certain LMICs, for example: 1. Using gene editing to bias sex ratios could be particularly valuable in India, given the country's extensive dairy industry. 2. Sex selection in layer hens in Egypt, given hens there are raised in an increasingly vertically integrated production system. 3. Producing polled cattle and eliminating the need for mechanical dehorning as currently occurs in many locales.Many farm animal welfare issues in LMICs are less likely to be addressed through applications of gene editing as opposed to lower technological measures such as better access to veterinary services, better management practices, improved biosecurity, and poverty reduction

    California's Top-Two Primary: The Effects on Electoral Politics and Governance

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    In this report, we conduct an in-depth analysis of California's top-two nonpartisan primary election system to better understand if and how eliminating partisan primaries reshapes politics and governance.We evaluate the effects of the top-two system in California based on the criteria established by supporters and opponents of such primary reforms, as well as by political scientists. Specifically, we assess the impact of Top Two on polarization, turnout and meaningful electoral participation, election competitiveness, Californians' assessment of state governance, and party strength. We exhaustively review existing peer-reviewed research and conduct original analysis to understand whether the claims and hopes of reform advocates came true

    Ready to Learn, Eager to Earn: A youth-led market and wellbeing assessment in Rohingya camps

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    Without access to quality, relevant education, or dignified work, Rohingya refugee youth face bleak and limited futures. Within the camp setting, they are unable to meet their immediate basic needs and are at high risk of violations of their rights, wellbeing, and security.The Rohingya community is about to mark six years since its exodus from Myanmar. The state of Rohingya youth remains a blur: what are the barriers related to livelihood opportunities and social engagement? What are the skill-development needs for Rohingya youth residing in the refugee camps of Cox's Bazar

    What Portion of Illinois Residents Eligible for Safety Net Benefits Receive Those Benefits?: Estimates by Program, Population Subgroups, and Counties

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    Safety net benefits can help to improve the economic well-being of families with lower income levels, but many families and individuals who are eligible for benefits do not receive them. Designing the best interventions to increase participation rates requires knowing more about who receives assistance. We explored program participation rates in Illinois, focusing on seven programs: Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), Public and Subsidized Housing, the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF), and the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP). The analysis rests on detailed estimates of program eligibility produced by the Urban Institute's ATTIS (Analysis of Transfers, Taxes, and Income Security) microsimulation model. Statewide participation rates in 2018 varied from a low of 13 percent among families eligible for TANF to a high of 57 percent among those eligible for SNAP. Some subgroups of eligible families—for example, families with children with a single parent compared to those with two parents—are generally more likely to participate. Other patterns, including differences by race and ethnicity and by county population-size, vary across the programs

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