Agricultural Development and Technological Selection in the Southeast Hilly Areas in Song Dynasty

本文所论及的东南丘陵区，包括皖南丘陵、宁镇丘陵、浙闽丘陵、赣东西丘陵等，范围涉及宋代两浙西、两浙东、江南东、江南西、福建五路。东南丘陵区包含丘陵、低山、中山、河谷、盆地等多种地形。在唐宋变革的宏观背景下，宋代东南丘陵区被持续开发，当地农业技术水平有了长足进步。本文首先阐述东南五路的行政区划、自然环境、经济条件、人文环境等，旨在阐明地理环境复杂性下的农业生态多样性，这是开展后续研究的基础性工作。再者，笔者选择“环境形成型技术”与“环境适用型技术”归类本文所探讨的技术体系，前者包括低湿地灌排水、犁耕技术、水利工程建设等，后者包括石工技术、灌排机具制作技术及肥料技术等。然后，本文从水田开发、麦作、水利、肥料四个维度论述宋代东南丘陵区的农业发展与农业技术的选择。东南五路的水田开发取得巨大成果，平原区与丘陵区的开发呈现不同场景。平原区，郏亶、单锷的“水学”的内容相异、本质不同，前者趋向于通过军事化组织的方式建设营田，后者趋向于适应自然环境。由此，笔者探讨技术体系能否实践的社会要因，反思哪些社会因素会影响甚至决定技术的选择。在丘陵区，牛耕逐渐普及。一方面牛耕促进了丘陵区的农业开发，另一方面地形、水田样式、农户生产规模等要素影响了牛耕技术。笔者探讨了一牛挽犁式、犁的形制等，解读了中日学者（宋兆麟、渡部武、杨荣垓、大澤正昭）的江东犁的复原图并提出了自己的见解。然后，笔者从不同视角探讨麦作的“张力”与“限界”。麦作扩张的动力来自以命令与奖惩为内核的中央政策、地方官的执行、租税优惠、北人南移与饮食偏好及二麦的救济功能。麦作发展的边界则是气候与土壤：一方面，南方春季的霖雨伤害麦类作物的发育；另一方面，地利不兴，大小麦生长面临“湿害”与“缺肥”两项挑战。本文从诗文与地名出发，尝试推测山地麦作的普遍及麦作的扩张脉络。本文还探讨“稻麦复种制”，关注抚州种麦实态、稻麦复种下的麦作技术和稻麦复种的分布区域。之后，论文研究水利技术与肥料。水利研究中，首先，水利工程建设发生变迁——平原地区以河流为水源、以湖储水的水利系统模式，转向丘陵山地以溪流为水源、以陂塘储水的水利系统。再者，石工技术与木工技术的协调搭配、胶结技术的应用，都体现了石工技术的应用更加广泛；同时，这也促进了石方开采技术的成熟与采石业的兴盛。另外，人们对原有灌排机具改良外，还创造新的灌排机具。本文还特别讨论了宋代东南乡村使用的牛转翻车可能的形制。肥料研究中，绿肥与火粪是东南丘陵区两种重要的肥料，二者生产方法迥然相异，它们在后世的“一进一退”体现了深刻的农业变革。动物与肥料的关系里，牛、猪、家禽是动物质肥料的主要来源，其中猪粪的地位日益重要，猪逐渐成为农家肥料最主要的来源。另外，宋代东南乡村已经有粪桶、粪车、粪箕等完备的肥料运输农具

THE QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU: PILOT SITE FOR INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION IN GEOSCIENCE DURING CHINA'S EARLY PERIOD OF REFORM AND OPENING-UP

In 1978, China ended a decade-long 'Cultural Revolution' and began its Reform and Opening-up process. At the same time, China's scientific community also ended its longterm closed state and began to seek ways to integrate into the world. In this study, we take the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a pilot site to illustrate the international geoscience collaboration during this time. We first introduce the International Symposium on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the delegation from the United States and the collaboration between China and France on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Then we examine the successful cooperation between the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society of London by focusing on their interactions in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Project in detail, on the basis of the archives of these two organizations. Since national policies and systems lagged behind the pace of international cooperation then, there were contradictions between national policies and the needs of specific research projects. We attempt to understand the flexible manner in which Chinese scholars solved these contradictions. We will also explore some of the reasons and contextual factors that shaped such Sino-foreign scientific exchanges early in the Reform era. This study also reflects the opportunities and challenges faced by China's scientific community during the process of social transformation

太原龙山道教石窟第五窟主像身份探析

龙山道教石窟位于山西省太原市西南20公里处的龙山山巅东侧巨型岩体上,为第四批全国重点文物保护单位。石窟开凿于唐、元、明三个时期~([1]),共有9座洞窟65尊像,是我国北方现存最大、保存最完整的纯粹道教题材石窟。由于石窟所处地理位置较为偏僻,且位于龙山山巅,自20世纪80年代以后,始有国内学者对其进行考察和研究,随后在石窟年代、造像风格、内容题材等方面均取得了一定成果~([2])

《斯文赫定中亚地图集》:跨越半个世纪的测绘与出版

瑞典地理学家斯文赫定于1927—1935年间与中国学者合作,在中国西北地区开展了为期八年的野外考察,为《斯文赫定中亚地图集》的绘制奠定了坚实的基础。由于战争的影响,该图集直到1966—1982年间才陆续出版,此时的新中国已经完成了西北地区的测绘工作。因地缘政治的影响,中国人的勘测资料不为西方人所掌握。这就造成《斯文赫定中亚地图集》反映了当时西方世界对于中国西部地区的认识水平,而它对于同时期的中国学者来说却已经成为了历史。本文通过对该图集测绘与出版过程的梳理以及图集内容的分析,展示地图的绘制出版与地缘政治之间的关系

四十余载《九章筭术》刘徽情

《九章筭术》是中国古代重要的数学经典,二十世纪八九十年代迎来了研究高潮,至今已取得一大批成果。但在其研究过程中,部分学者对原始文献态度轻率,对古文乱加改窜、错校、曲解、随意删节等行为屡见不鲜。要做好中国数学史的研究,必须尊重原始文献。另外,《九章筭术》是改变学术界对中国古典数学偏见的重要经典,因此要做好相关经典的译注工作,以更好地弘扬中国优秀传统文化

中国传统脉学著作在18世纪法国的传播——以《中华帝国全志·脉的奥秘》的研究为例

17、18世纪,耶稣会传教士将中国脉学理论传到欧洲,其代表作品有杜赫德主编的《中华帝国全志》中的译本《脉的奥秘》。关于《脉的奥秘》的中文底本,学者已指出是明代张世贤的《图注脉诀辨真》,但实际上底本不止此书。本文根据中西文献,通过文本对比,不仅明确了《脉的奥秘》与《图注脉诀辨真》的对应关系,还通过对中国脉学著作的系统考察,考证出清代沈镜的《删注脉诀规正》是另外一个底本;最后简要论述了《脉的奥秘》在法国的流传和影响

江西早：一个水稻品种的足迹

江西早,是明清以来外省对原产于江西的一个早稻品种的名称。江西早稻种植由来已久,品种江西早则是稻作农业发展和环境因素相互作用的产物。这个品种秉承了占城稻的主要特征,具有生育期短、成熟早,耐旱,适应性广等多种特征,使其在近千年的中国水稻种植中大放异彩,它不仅对江西粮食增产发挥了关键性的作用,而且通过移民、引种及推广等多种方式和途径对周边甚至更远省份的水稻生产产生了积极的影响,成为中国稻作史上值得书写的一笔。江西早的引种的范围主要包括安徽、浙江、江苏、湖南、湖北、四川、河南、福建、广东、广西、云南、贵州等省区。江西早所到之处,不仅仅品种本身的输入,同时也包括技术,甚至是农业生产和生活方式的引进。本文关注江西早的出现、特征、分布、传播途径及在各地的影响,并藉由此提出一个"技术综合体"的概念,为考察不同区域间农业交流提供一个视角

清代湖南郴桂矿厂识矿和采矿技术

中国古代采矿技术至明清时期已全面发展,有关清代云南采矿的记载较丰富,而涉及其他地区采矿技术的史料较少。郴桂矿厂是清代湖南最大的铜、铅、锌等币材原料产地,梳理现存的一些矿冶技术方面的史料,发现清代郴桂矿厂对矿石有独特的认识,形成了与清代云南不同且独特的矿石分类、命名方法,在找矿、开采、矿井通风、排水、照明等方面采用中国古代传统的采矿技术,与清代云南矿厂相似。研究首次揭示了清代湖南识矿和采矿技术,丰富了对清代采矿技术的认识

数学的传承——张寿武教授谈王元院士

美国普林斯顿大学张寿武教授在访谈中，回忆了在中国科学院数学研究所师从王元院士所受的终身教益；介绍了在王元院士感召下，倾力培养数学优秀人才过程中的经验和心得。张寿武教授用实际行动传承着王元院士等老一辈数学家的科学精神和数学事业。他成功开办了暑期学校，表达了对中国数学事业现状的观感；并提出要缩小与国外学术水平的差距，必须做中国人自己的数学、重新组织数学的学术观点

The development of geophysics in the early period of the People's Republic of China based on the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (1950-1966)

From the perspective of the social history of science and transnational history, this paper reviewed the development of the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGCAS), rather than focusing on its scientific achievements. Before the 1950s, the discipline of geophysics in China, except for the branch of meteorology, had a very weak foundation, and few researchers were engaged in it. The systematic development of geophysics began with the establishment of IGCAS. In this paper, the early development of IGCAS was researched thoroughly. At first, we briefly reviewed the establishment process for IGCAS. After being promoted by the desire of scientists to develop big geophysics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) integrated scattered academic forces, which included geomagnetism and geophysical exploration, to establish the IGCAS. The IGCAS was based on the Institute of Meteorology of Academia Sinica in the Republic of China era. After that, we summarized work done by IGCAS in the development of geophysics from the 1950s to 1966, the year in which the Cultural Revolution began. We focused on policy support, adjustment of organizational structure, and scientific capacity building, when China was facing an isolated international diplomatic environment, continuous domestic political movements, and an austere social economy. Then, to bolster the development of geophysics in China, the slogan of "Missions Drive Disciplines", which was instilled and implemented by the Chinese scientific community, was introduced briefly. The scientific development of the IGCAS and typical examples in several branches of geophysics, which included atmospheric science, seismology, space physics, and other fields, were systematically summarized and benchmarked to the international academic level. We then summarized the basic research on geophysics carried out by the institute in economic construction and national defense. Finally, the experience and lessons in the development of this institute and its effect on geophysics in China were explored