Institutional Repository of Institute for the History of Natural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences(IHNS OpenIR,中国科学院自然科学史研究所机构知识库)
Not a member yet
8733 research outputs found
Sort by
古代世界的节气
二十四节气,是中国古代创造的一种用来指导农事的历法要素。一年分四季,春夏秋冬各3个月,每月2个节气,每个节气均有其独特的含义。其最早起源于黄河流域,是人们长期对天文、气象、物候等进行观察、探索并总结的结果,这是我国古代先民所独创的一项优秀文化遗产。那么,在古代世界其他地方,有没有类似创造呢
宋代医学文献的外传与回流——以《太平惠民和剂局方》在日本的传播、接受与回归国内为例
《太平惠民和剂局方》是中国宋朝政府官修的医学方书著作,也是中国乃至世界上最早制定的国家药局处方集,成为官府药局制造成药的法定标准。该书于南宋时期由僧人、商人、使者或留学生等传入日本,元明清时期又有中国刊本陆续传入,受到日本医学界的高度重视,先后有日本和刻本、抄本、影印本等流传。在日本平安、镰仓、室町、江户时代成书的史书、目录学和医学著作中,详细地记载了其卷数、序跋、版本和流传情况。日本医家撰写的方书著作《顿医钞》《覆载万安方》《有林福田方》《炮炙全书》《校正新增观聚方要补》《医方挈领》《杂病广要》等,大量引用了《太平惠民和剂局方》中的方剂学知识,将其广泛应用于药物炮制和临证疾病治疗,对日本汉方医学的发展产生了积极的影响。同时,日本珍藏的宋刊本与各种《太平惠民和剂局方》和刻本也先后回流传播至中国,填补了国内局方著作中缺失的内容,在中日医学文献交流史上发挥了重要作用
近代中西产科学会通与论争——以产后瘀血和血晕为中心
中西医论争问题在近代医学史研究中是至关重要的论题。近代以来,伴随着西医产科学知识的传入,中医产科学界从解剖生理、诊断命名、病理病因、治疗方法等方面,对中西医关于产后瘀血和血晕的认识进行了比较和会通。本文考察近代中西产科学论争的学术思想和历史脉络,借此深化对近代中西医论争内涵的认识,同时希望为现代中医发展提供一定的历史借鉴
Research on Casting Technology of Copper Vats in the Palace Museum
中国古代铜器制造历史悠久,学界主要关注商周青铜器,对汉以后的铜器研究较少。明清时期,黄铜代替青铜成为铜器的主要合金类型,出现了较多黄铜器。本文以故宫明清铜缸为例,通过史料文献和实物考察来研究铜缸的铸造工艺。本文首先考察铜缸出现、使用的历史情况,发现明代开始有使用铜缸储水的记载,至清初宫廷已开始铸造铜缸,乾隆时期铜缸的铸造和搬移记录更多。2019-2021年,对故宫铜缸开展两次调查,发现现存铜缸128口,记录其位置、形制、年款等,并对其铸造工艺进行考察。通过对清宫造办处档案等史料的梳理,结合故宫铜缸的实物考察,对故宫铜缸的熔铜技术、铸造技术和铸后加工工艺进行研究,发现:故宫清代铜缸为黄铜铸造,使用红铜、锌和废铜等金属原料,一般用红铜、锌以6:4或5:5比例配制黄铜。铜缸应是倒置于铸型坑,在旁使用2座以上的熔炉,通过槽道,熔铜浇注。故宫铜缸使用块范法和失蜡法两种方法铸造。清宫采用一种叫翻砂法的块范法铸造铜缸。故宫块范法铸造的铜缸有两种分范方式,一种是有横竖向范缝,一种只有横向范缝。故宫失蜡法铸造的铜缸没有范缝,铸后修补较多,并作铸后鎏金、烧古等装饰。铜缸铸出后还进行修整和装饰等加工处理。铜缸上使用的修整工艺主要有凿錾、嵌补、锉刮和打磨。凿錾用于去除多余的铜,嵌补用于修补铸后的孔洞和缺陷,锉刮、打磨是对铜缸表面进行细致处理。装饰工艺主要使用了錾刻、镀金和烧古。錾刻一般见于铜缸的款识及铺首的毛发纹理,镀金和烧古装饰铜缸外表面,也有遮掩补丁、减缓锈蚀的功能。最后,本文还对故宫铜缸的生产分工进行了讨论,并指出本文研究存在的问题
Research on Translation and Knowledge Transmission of Ophthalmology literary works of Western Medicine in Modern China
1820年以来,西方科学技术大量传入中国,其中包括眼科学译著及其眼科学知识。纵观西医传入前后的眼科学发展脉络可知,中国传统眼科学虽源远流长,整理全面且体系完整,但受五轮八廓等传统理论的影响,难免存在自身的局限,今天我们熟知的眼科学知识,基本上移植于西方。这一传播过程不仅使西医眼科学在中国成功运用,促进中国眼科学近代化的转变,而且在很大程度上使西医学在中国站稳脚跟。本论文以近代西医眼科学相关问题为研究对象,首先详论西医眼科书籍的译介,包含内容、特色、底本、文本表达、术语处理、影响等方面,通过对比各部著作,考察眼科术语名词和知识理论体系的演变,并从中提炼出近代西医眼科译著中重点传入的知识,包括眼科外科手术与医疗器械、麻醉与消毒技术、视物原理与矫正技术、沙眼相关知识与治疗及西医眼科学药物的传入;其次,通过查阅晚清民国的古籍论著、医院年刊、工作年报以及与本文相关的国内外史料文献,梳理西医眼科学在中国本土出现译介书籍、开展教育及建制化的历程;最后,探讨近代西医眼科学著作在译介过程中的影响与局限、不同群体对其接受的程度、近代西医眼科学传播的特征及其在中国传播的影响因素与其带来的社会变迁情况。本研究发现西医眼科学知识在译介的过程中,总体经历了三个阶段:来华医学传教士、早期知识分子精英阶层、最后为本土的医生与学者,分别发挥着开端、承接、发展的重要作用;译介的过程中并非简单的知识转移,而是有选择的引入,力图符合国情及国人需求;译介的内容也逐渐普适化、大众化;知识的来源范围逐步扩大,从最初的英美国家延伸至日本、荷兰、德国等西方国家。西医眼科在中国完成根植,缘于3个决定性因素:中国医生学者群体撰写本土西医眼科学书籍、西医眼科教育的开展与西医眼科学建制化,它们层层递进,又缺一不可。知识引入与传播的进程中,医学界是最直接的推动者,但国家政策导向、传统观念、传播的方式途径也是影响西医眼科学引入中国3个不可忽视的重要因素,其中国家政策导向具有决定性作用,传播的方式途径是传播的内在动力,传统观念是影响传播效果的外在动力,在一定程度上会推进或阻碍传播的进程。西医眼科学知识作为与中医不同的体系理论,碰撞之时难免产生论争,研究此段历史,可以更加清晰认地识到中西眼科的不同,不可一概而论,历史的趋势向我们表明,理性看待、取长补短才是必然趋势,此外还可以看到知识、技术、观念、国家、与社会间千丝万缕的联系,引发更全面的思考
再论《12年科技发展远景规划》的制订与实施
考察了中国第一个综合性科学技术发展长期规划,即《12年科技发展远景规划》的制订背景和原因,探讨了该规划的制订和实施情况。该规划在周恩来、陈毅、李富春、聂荣臻等中央高层领导下制订和实施,是中国和苏联科技合作的结晶。其制订工作于1956年分两阶段进行,全国数百位科学家和多位苏联专家参加工作,中国科学院学部委员是中坚力量。该规划以"重点发展,迎头赶上"作为中国发展科学的方针,密切结合国家工业、农业、国防,以及医药卫生建设的需要。1957年,苏联组织约600位专家对该规划草案进行了研究。苏联国家科学技术委员会和苏联科学院提出了纲要式的综合性意见。该规划实施成效显著,有力地推动了中国科技事业和原子能事业的发展,为中国工业、农业生产和国防建设打下坚实的基础。该规划树立了中国政府组织、领导科学家规划科学技术的典范,是中国共产党领导中国科技事业的一座历史丰碑
Holocene fluctuations in vegetation and human population demonstrate social resilience in the prehistory of the Central Plains of China
Abstract
Archaeologists and palaeoclimatologists have focused on the impact of climate on the prehistoric civilizations around the world; however, social resilience in the face of the climate change remains unclear, especially during the Neolithic and Bronze Age in the Central Plains of China (CPC). In this paper, we present palynological results from the Dahecun Core, Henan Province, China. Our pollen data indicate a warm and wet climate condition from 9200 to 4000 cal BP, which then switches to a cool and dry climatic condition during the Neolithic-Bronze Age transition (~4000–3600 cal BP). We analyze 14C dates from archaeological sites to demonstrate four episodes of population increase and present vegetation dynamics, determined from available pollen data, to provide evidence for the synchronous shifts in vegetation and human population during the Neolithic. Our results indicate that the aridification in the early Bronze Age did not cause population collapse, highlighting the importance of social resilience to climate change. The pollen, radiocarbon dates and archaeobotanical records from the CPC provides new evidence that supports the claim that the development of agriculture and complex societies, under the stress of a dry climate, set the stage for the dramatic increase of human population around 3800–3400 cal BP
近代西医产科止痛技术的传入与影响
19世纪中叶,西医产科止痛技术随着医书和报刊的译介进入中国。中国医学界就产痛的意义、止痛技术的安全性和有效性、女性需求等方面展开了争论。在女性报刊的宣扬下,少数上层阶级女性止痛意识觉醒,开始主动寻求止痛技术的使用,大多数女性依旧认为忍痛是理所当然的。本文利用书籍报刊等原始资料,追溯近代西医产科止痛技术传入的历史脉络,并探讨相关影响;认为分娩中是否应该止痛,不仅与止痛技术自身的安全性和有效性相关,也取决于医学界和社会对产痛意义的考量以及女性止痛意识的觉醒。在近代中国,尽管对止痛技术有诸多译介,但实践依旧鲜见,一方面由于技术本身的安全性和便捷性不够理想,另一方面也与中国社会的忍痛文化以及女性止痛意识尚未普遍觉醒相关
China's Detonation-driven Shock Tube Wind Tunnels: A Case Study of Transnational Science in Aeronautics during the Cold War
From the perspective of the history of technology, this paper reviews the development of a hypersonic wind tunnel in China The key figure is Yu Hongru, who began his research into shock tube wind tunnels in the 1950s, and proposed ways to use detonation driver technology. His insight, however, was stymied during China's "Cultural Revolution." After China's reform and opening-up began in the late 1970s, Yu designed a hypersonic tunnel driven by backward hydrogen-oxygen detonation utilizing a dumping section and carried out verification experiments with RWTH Aachen University. After 2000, the high-temperature gas dynamics team of the Institute of Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences built the first long test-duration detonation-driven shock tunnel. This case study draws extensively upon Chinese literature, documents, and interviews. It adds to the history exploring Cold War science and technology. While much research has focused on activities in the USA and the USSR, this article contributes to the less-explored history of scientific research and development in China after 1950, demonstrating the importance of knowledge flows within the wider concept of Cold War transnational science. In addition, this transnational emphasis contributes a non-western chapter to the western-centric history of aerospace technology development
Understanding the Unmet Needs among Community-Dwelling Disabled Older People from a Linkage Perspective
One of the challenges in response to population aging is to meet needs for elderly care among older people especially for those who want to age in their homes or communities. However, disabled older people have more challenges due to their restricted mobility to access care resources than non-disabled ones. We propose a new framework based on the changing relationship between older people and their environment, in which resource linkage in elderly care utilization is emphasized. We conducted a survey with 139 participants (i.e., older people age 60 years or over with different level of disabilities) in three types of neighborhoods in Beijing, China. By conducting a decision tree analysis under the Person-Environment Link (P-E Link) model, we (1) characterized unmet needs for elderly care (activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) assistance) among community-dwelling disabled older people; (2) found disabled older people had more unmet needs for both ADL and IADL assistance because of a lack in linkages to care resources than non-disabled ones; and (3) characterized the linkages to care resources for better supporting disabled older people to age in place, including family support, social connection, and spatial environment. Our findings help improve the Anderson behavioral model by characterizing enabling environments, which highlights that not only the availability of enabling resources but also linkages to these enabling resources play an important role in meeting needs for care among disabled older people. Our findings can also inform improvements in policy design that are targeted to reduce elderly care inequalities