Quasi-3D modeling for simulating partly emergent rigid vegetation under fixed and movable bed conditions

The experimental data for the case with vegetation along the inner bank in the strongly curved channel was digitized from Huai et al.1, while the data for the outer bank case was derived from Li et al.2. Furthermore, we have incorporated numerical simulation results using the 2DC, BVC, and 3DC models in the dataset. The dataset includes depth-averaged velocity, the vertical distribution of streamwise velocity, and the secondary flow structure, as illustrated in figure within the manuscript. 1. Depth-averaged velocity data for cases with vegetation along the inner and outer banks: A. Curved channel_DA_innercase.xlsx B. Curved channel_DA_outercase.xlsx 2. Vertical distribution of streamwise velocity Curved channel_velocity_innercase.xlsx 3. Secondary flow structures: A. Inner case A.1. SF_2DC_inner.xlsx A.2. SF_SBVC2_inner.xlsx A.3. SF_SBVC3_inner.xlsx A.4. SF_GBVC3_inner.xlsx A.5. SF_kepsilon_inner.xlsx A.6. SF_komegaSST_inner.xlsx B. Outer case B.1. SF_2DC_outer.xlsx B.2. SF_SBVC2_outer.xlsx B.3. SF_SBVC3_outer.xlsx B.4. SF_GBVC3_outer.xlsx B.5. SF_kepsilon_outer.xlsx B.5. SF_komegaSST_outer.xlsx" To visualize the secondary flow structure, we use Python with the code 'Visualizing secondary flow using Python.ipynb' Data description: 1-n = 1 – (zs - z) / h, (0 = bed surface, 1= water surface) R refers to radius from the measurement point to the center of the channel. y/B refers to distance from the inner bank divided by the channel width. h (m) refers to vertical distance from the measurement point to the bed surface. u, v, and w refer to the streamwise, transverse, vertical velocities, respectively. In the Excel dataset, sheet_name refers to cross-section measurement location (0-degree,45-degree, 90-degree, 135-degree, and 180-degree) Experiments in meandering channels with partial vegetation carried out at the hydraulic experimental facility of Hiroshima University under fixed and movable bed conditions. Additionally, numerical simulation results using 2DC, BVC, and 3DC model have been included. The dataset comprises the vertical distribution of streamwise velocity, streamwise velocity at a spesific height (z = 0.5h), water surface profiles, sediment transport conditions and bed elevation profiles. 1. Vertical distribution of streamwise velocity under fixed bed condition: A. Meandering_fb_velocity_at_M6.xlsx (section M6) B. Meandering_fb_velocity_at_M7.xlsx (section M7) C. Meandering_fb_velocity_at_M8.xlsx (section M8) D. Meandering_fb_velocity_at_M9.xlsx (section M9) E. Meandering_fb_velocity_at_M10.xlsx (section M10) F. Meandering_fb_velocity_at_M11.xlsx (section M11) G. Meandering_fb_velocity_at_M12.xlsx (section M12) 2. Streamwise velocity distribution at z = 0.5h under fixed bed condition: Meandering_fb_velocity_at z=0.5h.xlsx 3. Water surface profile under fixed bed conditions: Meandering_fb_water surface_profile.xlsx 4. Bed elevation profiles after reaching equilibrium conditions: Meandering_mb_bed elevation profiles.xlsx 5. Water surface after reaching equilibrium conditions: Meandering_mb_water surface profiles.xlsx 6. Bed load transport rate during experiment: Meandering_mb_water surface profiles.xlsx 7. Bed elevation profile (Zb) on the left and right banks. Meandering_mb_zb on the left and right.xlsx 8. Mesh Meandering_mesh.xlsx Data description: X, Y refer to the coordinates in the X and Y axes. h (m) refers to vertical distance from the measurement point to the bed surface. u, v, and w refer to the streamwise, transverse, vertical velocities, respectively. DZs is Zs – Zs at downstream end, where ZS refers to the water surface elevation (m). Zb_initial (m) refers to the initial bed profile condition. Zb_final (m) refers to the final bed profile condition after reaching equilibrium conditions. DZB (m) refers to Zb_final – Zb_initial, where positive values indicate deposition and negative value indicate scouring. Dzsection (m) refers to ZB_final – the average of ZB_final in each section Distance (m) refers to the distance from the downstream end. In the Excel dataset, the sheet_name corresponds to cross-section measurement locations from the left bank (y = 4.5 cm, y = 9.5 cm, y = 13.5 cm, y = 17.5 cm, y = 21.5 cm, y = 25.5 cm, y = 20.5 cm, y = 34.5 cm). However, in some instances, the sheet_name also represents cross-section identifiers such as M12, M11, M10, M9, M8, M7, and M6. Rererences: 1 W. Huai, C. Li, Y. Zeng, Z. Qian, and Z. Yang, “Curved Open Channel Flow on Vegetation Roughened Inner Bank,” J Hydrodyn 24(1), 124–129 (2012). 2 C. Li, W. Xue, and W. Huai, “Effect of vegetation on flow structure and dispersion in strongly curved channels,” J Hydrodyn 27(2), 286–291 (2015)

中国における公平責任原則の変遷とその適用

中国の民法学界では、公平責任原則は常に論争の焦点の一つであり、学者の間では、中国「民法通則」と「不法行為責任法」における公平責任原則の存在の正当性と性質の理解に関する論争が起きている。公平責任に関する過剰な規定の曖昧さは、司法実務における公平責任の濫用につながると考えられる。「民法典」もまた、公平責任について重要な変更を加えたが、この動きによって公平責任の適用に関する各界からの批判が完全に静まったわけではない。本稿では、公平責任原則の立法史を整理し、公平責任の背後にある立法論と、「民法典」第1186 条の公平責任に対する特殊な制限の背景を明らかにする。Fair liability principle has always been one of the focuses of controversy in this country's legal circles. Theoretical scholars have differing understandings of the legitimacy and nature of the existence of fair liability. The provisions of the fair liability principle in China's General Principles of Civil Law and Tort Liability Law need to be more specific. This situation leads to the abuse of fairness responsibility in judicial practice. The Civil Code also made significant changes to fairness liability. However, this move does not seem to have wholly quelled criticism from all walks of life regarding the application of fairness liability. This article combs the legislative history of the principle of fair liability, understands the legislative logic behind fair liability, and the background of the special restrictions on fair liability principle in Article 1186 of the Civil Code

人工知能（AI）の証拠能力に関する一考察（２・完） : 専門証拠の許容性の観点から

In recent years, there has been a lively debate about artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of criminal law. This paper examines the admissibility of AI as evidence (AI evidence) in criminal trials, with a particular focus on expert evidence standards. With the increasing use of AI in legal systems, concerns about the transparency and reliability of AI-generated evidence have become central. The paper highlights that one of the main challenges is the 'black box' nature of machine learning, where the decision-making process of AI is often opaque, making it difficult for judges and juries to assess its reliability. This paper argues for strict expert admissibility standards for AI evidence, as it requires careful examination of the underlying algorithms and data. However, the black box problem complicates the applicability of this standard to AI evidence. Therefore, this paper explores 'Explainable AI' (XAI) and attempts to integrate it into current admissibility standards to address this issue

Dam Break Flow through Rigid-Emergent Vegetation

DATA DESCRIPTION This note contains raw data from experimental results on the temporal variation of wave height at measurement sections in a straight channel with rigid-emergent vegetation of varying field lengths. - Without Vegetation.xlsx - Vegetation Filed Length=0.60.xlsx - Vegetation Filed Length=1.60.xlsx - Vegetation Filed Length=3.0.xlsx - Vegetation Filed Length=5.0.xlsx In these Excel data sheets, "High" refers to a high Froude number initial condition (F=3.98), "Middle" refers to a middle Froude number initial condition (F=1.53), and "Low" refers to a low Froude number initial condition (F=1.32). Raw data is indicated by below - Time t (second) - measurement section S1 (x=1.57 m) - measurement section S2 (x=3.05 m) - measurement section S3 (x=3.27 m) - measurement section S4 (x=3.53 m) - measurement section S5 (x=4.03 m) - measurement section S6 (x=4.53 m) - measurement section S7 (x=5.60 m) - measurement section S8 (x=7.55 m) - measurement section S9 (x=8.56 m) - measurement section S10 (x=10.0 m) x was measured from the movable gate. The wave height is in cm.New data description: This note contains raw data from experimental results on the temporal variation of wave height at measurement sections in a straight channel with rigid-emergent vegetation of varying vegetation volume densities and fixed field length=3.0 m. - Vegetation field length = 3.0 m & Vegetation volume density=0.1256.xlsx - Vegetation field length = 3.0 m & Vegetation volume density=0.0314.xlsx In these Excel data sheets, "High" refers to a high Froude number initial condition (F=3.98), "Middle" refers to a middle Froude number initial condition (F=1.53), and "Low" refers to a low Froude number initial condition (F=1.32). Raw data is indicated by below - Time t (second) - measurement section S1 (x=1.50 m) - measurement section S2 (x=2.96 m) - measurement section S3 (x=3.04 m) - measurement section S4 (x=4.00 m) - measurement section S5 (x=5.00 m) - measurement section S6 (x=5.96 m) - measurement section S7 (x=6.04 m) - measurement section S8 (x=7.50 m) - measurement section S9 (x=9.00 m) x was measured from the movable gate. The wave height is in cm

アメリカにおける制定法解釈と解釈原則（2）

This paper examines "canons of construction" in American jurisprudence. Canons of construction are presumptions that judges have traditionally used in interpreting the language of statutes and contracts. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the theory of statutory interpretation in American legal interpretation theory, thereby organizing the concepts needed to discuss the normative legitimacy of interpretation principles. Chapter 3 analyzes the justification of linguistic interpretation principles. There are two main justifications for linguistic interpretation principles: those that aim to reflect the will of the legislature and those that aim to realize the value of the rule of law. However, the latter viewpoint of the rule of law is difficult to justify from this viewpoint alone, since the principles of interpretation are not binding on precedent, and therefore theoretical standards for their application cannot be established, and as a result, the predictability of the principles of interpretation cannot be ensured. Therefore, in the end, many judges tend to seek the legitimacy of the principles of interpretation in the will of the legislature, which certainly has democratic legitimacy. The theoretical challenge of the principles of interpretation is thought to be in the method of control, but in the end, it cannot be denied that the basis for the principles of interpretation in the will of the legislature plays a large role in their theorization

ドイツ不当利得法における使用利益返還論の現状と課題（6） : 飛行機事件判決（BGHZ55,128）以降の差額説・類型論を中心に

1. In der heutigen Zeit stellen sich zunehmend Fragen im Zusammenhang mit Gebrauchsvorteilen. Gleichwohl ist dieses Problem in Japan noch nicht hinreichend erforscht worden. Im Gegensatz hierzu gibt es in Deutschland viele Arbeiten zu diesem Thema. 2. Die Untersuchung der Entwicklung von Rechtsprechung und Lehre in Deutschland führt zu folgenden Thesen für das japanische Recht: Die Herausgabepflicht von Gebrauchsvorteilen wird durch die Lehre vom Zuweisungsgehalt bestimmt, da die Saldotheorie einen folgenschweren Fehler aufweist. Deshalb ist der Gegenstand der Rückgabepflicht in erster Linie die "Gebrauchsmöglichkeit". Die Gebrauchsmöglichkeit ist objektiv zu ermitteln. In zweiter Linie kann sich der Bereicherungsschuldner bei Wegfall des primär erlangten Gebrauchsvorteils auf seine Entreicherung berufen

部品からの構造再構成を通した学習 : マルチモーダル統合と部品・構造・体験の共有化

本稿では，教師が提供する部品を用いて学習者が学習内容の意味的構造を再構成する「部品からの構造再構成を通した学習」について概説する．この学習法の特徴は，（１）マルチモーダル統合学習：学習者は視覚，聴覚，読み書き，体感（VARK）といった複数の感覚モードを統合的に活用することで，学習内容への多角的な理解を深めることができることと，（２）部品・構造・体験共有学習：教師や学習者同士が共通の部品と構造を用いるため，他者の活動の理解や自身の活動の説明が容易となり，協調的活動の促進が期待できることである．さらに，（３）補助された発見学習（構造発見・部品発見）：部品化によって失われた構造における部品の意味（文脈）を探索的な組立を通して発見する必要がある，および（４）持続的学習を支える高品質な部品と構造：前後の学習との接続を踏まえて部品と構造が用意されているといった特徴も合わせ持つ．This paper outlines the " Learning Through Structural Recomposition from Components" in which learners recompose structures using components provided by the teacher. This learning method is characterized by the following features: (1) Multimodal Integrated Learning: Learners deepen their understanding of the learning target from multiple perspectives by integrating various sensory modes, such as visual, auditory, reading/writing, and kinesthetic (VARK); (2) Learning through Shared Components, Structures, and Experiences: The use of common components and structures by teachers and learners facilitates understanding of others’ activities and explanations of one’s own activities, thereby promoting collaborative activities. Systems can also participate as stakeholders in this sharing. Additionally, (3) Assisted Discovery Learning: Learners can actively explore and assemble the provided components, thereby discovering the roles and functions of the structures and components themselves, which promotes active learning. Lastly, (4) Sustainable Learning Supported by High-Quality Components and Structures: recomposing teacher-designed structures ensures high-quality outcomes, supporting sustainable learning

三者契約により銀行が有する所有権留保の買主倒産時の効力に関する2つのドイツ判例 : 求償権及び原債権並びに合意による権利構築の関係解明のために（１）

Diese Arbeit stellt und in Japan vor und untersucht die Wirksamkeit von Eigentumsvorbehalten, die von Dritten erworben wurden. 1. entschied, dass in einemVertrag, bei dem der Käufer ein Darlehen von der Bank erhält und der Verkäufer die Kaufpreisforderung und das vorbehaltene Eigentum an die Bank abtritt, das Eigentumsvorbehalt aufgrund seiner Definition und seines Zwecks, ähnlich wie bei einer Sicherungsübereignung, eine Bedeutungswandel erfährt. Daher kann die Bank die Kaufpreisforderung und das Eigentumsvorbehalt nicht allein aüsuben