Weed interference on organic carrot yield under different sowing methods

Weed cause serious problems to vegetable cultivation, justifying the importance of studies on the interference of these plants in agricultural crops and management techniques in the context of organic production. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the interference of weed on the yield of carrot grown under different sowing methods. The study was conducted at the Seridó Ecological Station in Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. Control and coexistence experiments with weeds were set up in a split-plot design (5 x 2), with the plot corresponding to the coexistence or control periods: 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 days after sowing, and the subplots corresponding to the sowing methods: direct seeding and water conditioning. Cultivation followed the recommendations for carrot and for the organic system. The harvest and evaluations were performed after 80 days by evaluating the biometric variables, the carrot yield, and the weed mass. The statistical analysis consisted of the test of assumptions followed by analysis of variance. Non-linear regression was used for the yield parameters by determining the interference periods. In contrast, linear regression was used for the other variables. Carrot coexistence with weeds reduced the conventional commercial yield by 75.73% and the organic commercial yield by 57.07%. Organic carrot cultivation should occur free of weed from 21 to 28 days. Water conditioning increased the organic carrot yield.Weed cause serious problems to vegetable cultivation, justifying the importance of studies on the interference of these plants in agricultural crops and management techniques in the context of organic production. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the interference of weed on the yield of carrot grown under different sowing methods. The study was conducted at the Seridó Ecological Station in Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. Control and coexistence experiments with weeds were set up in a split-plot design (5 x 2), with the plot corresponding to the coexistence or control periods: 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 days after sowing, and the subplots corresponding to the sowing methods: direct seeding and water conditioning. Cultivation followed the recommendations for carrot and for the organic system. The harvest and evaluations were performed after 80 days by evaluating the biometric variables, the carrot yield, and the weed mass. The statistical analysis consisted of the test of assumptions followed by analysis of variance. Non-linear regression was used for the yield parameters by determining the interference periods. In contrast, linear regression was used for the other variables. Carrot coexistence with weeds reduced the conventional commercial yield by 75.73% and the organic commercial yield by 57.07%. Organic carrot cultivation should occur free of weed from 21 to 28 days. Water conditioning increased the organic carrot yield

Vegetative growth and fruit quality of 'Tahiti' acid lime grafted onto different rootstocks

The production of 'Tahiti' acid lime in Brazil is currently limited to the northeastern and southeastern regions and research is required to identify compatible rootstocks in order to potentiate other producing areas and to meet the needs of the consumer and industrial markets. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical characteristics during vegetative growth and the physicochemical attributes and quality of fruit produced by 'Tahiti CNPMF-02' acid lime grafted onto the twelve rootstocks ‘Cravo LCRSC’ and ‘LCR-03’ lime, citrandarins ‘CTRI’ and ‘CTRSD’, citrumelo ‘CTSW’, ‘Pear HTR-069’ orange, ‘Volkamer LVK×LCR- 038’ lemon, and ‘Sunki TSKC×CTSW-028', ‘TSKC×CTSW-041', ‘TSKC×(LCR×TR)-059', ‘TSKC×TRFD-003' and ‘TSKT’ tangerine. The randomized experimental design included 12 treatments with four repetitions and five plants per plot. The characteristics of the grafted plants were evaluated during vegetative growth at 3.5, 4.0 and 4.5 years of age, while fruit quality was assessed at maturity. All tested rootstocks were compatible with the scion 'Tahiti CNPMF 02' acid lime cultivated under the climate and soil conditions in the north of Mato Grosso state. The rootstocks ‘LCR-003', ‘CTRI’, ‘CTRSD’, ‘CTSW’ and ‘TSKC×CTSW-028' induced the greatest vertical growth, trunk diameter, crown volume and vigor in the grafted plants. The physicochemical characteristics and quality of the fruit produced by grafted plants of 'Tahiti CNPMF 02' acid lime met market expectations, except for the parameter total titratable acidity. The fruits produced by 'Tahiti CNPMF 02' acid lime grafted onto ‘CTRSD’, ‘TSKC×(LCR×TR)-059’, ‘LCR-003’, ‘TSKC×CTSW-041’, ‘TSKC×TRFD-003’, ‘LVK×LCR-038’ and ‘CTRI’ were the largest in terms of length and mass.The production of 'Tahiti' acid lime in Brazil is currently limited to the northeastern and southeastern regions and research is required to identify compatible rootstocks in order to potentiate other producing areas and to meet the needs of the consumer and industrial markets. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical characteristics during vegetative growth and the physicochemical attributes and quality of fruit produced by 'Tahiti CNPMF-02' acid lime grafted onto the twelve rootstocks ‘Cravo LCRSC’ and ‘LCR-03’ lime, citrandarins ‘CTRI’ and ‘CTRSD’, citrumelo ‘CTSW’, ‘Pear HTR-069’ orange, ‘Volkamer LVK×LCR- 038’ lemon, and ‘Sunki TSKC×CTSW-028', ‘TSKC×CTSW-041', ‘TSKC×(LCR×TR)-059', ‘TSKC×TRFD-003' and ‘TSKT’ tangerine. The randomized experimental design included 12 treatments with four repetitions and five plants per plot. The characteristics of the grafted plants were evaluated during vegetative growth at 3.5, 4.0 and 4.5 years of age, while fruit quality was assessed at maturity. All tested rootstocks were compatible with the scion 'Tahiti CNPMF 02' acid lime cultivated under the climate and soil conditions in the north of Mato Grosso state. The rootstocks ‘LCR-003', ‘CTRI’, ‘CTRSD’, ‘CTSW’ and ‘TSKC×CTSW-028' induced the greatest vertical growth, trunk diameter, crown volume and vigor in the grafted plants. The physicochemical characteristics and quality of the fruit produced by grafted plants of 'Tahiti CNPMF 02' acid lime met market expectations, except for the parameter total titratable acidity. The fruits produced by 'Tahiti CNPMF 02' acid lime grafted onto ‘CTRSD’, ‘TSKC×(LCR×TR)-059’, ‘LCR-003’, ‘TSKC×CTSW-041’, ‘TSKC×TRFD-003’, ‘LVK×LCR-038’ and ‘CTRI’ were the largest in terms of length and mass

In vitro root development under different IBA concentrations and culture media

In vitro root cultivation is a method that provides high production and volume of roots quickly due to controlled environmental conditions. However, few studies report the in vitro development of excised roots for the most diverse plant species. The objective was to evaluate the in vitro development of excised mint (Menta piperita L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) roots under different concentrations of IBA and verify tomato roots' growth in different cultivation media. Segments of 2 cm of roots were incubated in DSD1 culture medium with concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg. L-1 of AIB. Afterward, the 'M,' 'MSR', and DSD1 media were tested, supplemented with 1 mg L-1 of IBA. The cultivation of tomato roots shows greater in vitro development than mint, and 1 mg L-1 of IBA concentration was the most effective for tomatoes in DSD1 medium. The MSR medium resulted in a higher number and length of roots. Applying IBA increases the in vitro development of excised tomato roots compared to mint. For tomatoes, the concentration of 1 mg L-1 of IBA stimulates the most significant development of the roots. The MSR medium has the highest development of tomato roots at 60 days after in vitro introduction.In vitro root cultivation is a method that provides high production and volume of roots quickly due to controlled environmental conditions. However, few studies report the in vitro development of excised roots for the most diverse plant species. The objective was to evaluate the in vitro development of excised mint (Menta piperita L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) roots under different concentrations of IBA and verify tomato roots' growth in different cultivation media. Segments of 2 cm of roots were incubated in DSD1 culture medium with concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg. L-1 of AIB. Afterward, the 'M,' 'MSR', and DSD1 media were tested, supplemented with 1 mg L-1 of IBA. The cultivation of tomato roots shows greater in vitro development than mint, and 1 mg L-1 of IBA concentration was the most effective for tomatoes in DSD1 medium. The MSR medium resulted in a higher number and length of roots. Applying IBA increases the in vitro development of excised tomato roots compared to mint. For tomatoes, the concentration of 1 mg L-1 of IBA stimulates the most significant development of the roots. The MSR medium has the highest development of tomato roots at 60 days after in vitro introduction

Morphology and initial development of Hancornia speciosa var speciosa in different substrates

The impact of commercial demand on fruits explored through extractivism requires sustainable production strategies. Among these strategies is seedling propagation for reforestation and/or commercial plantations. The substrate and its impact on the quantity and quality of propagated plants are critical aspects of seedling propagation. Hancornia speciosa, commonly known as mangabeira, is a native fruit species that has been primarily explored through extractivism; thus, the goal of this study was to assess the early development of H. speciosa var. speciosa seedlings in different substrates using morphophysiological parameters. The seeds were processed and sown in six different substrates (sand, sand + powder coconut coir, sand + vermiculite, commercial substrate, commercial substrate + powder coconut coir, vermiculite, commercial substrate + vermiculite). To evaluate seedling development, the parameters First Emergence Count, Emergence Percentage, Emergence Speed Index, Total Seedling Size, Shoot Height, Root Length, Stem Diameter, Number of Leaves, and Shoot and Root Dry Massa were used. The pure vermiculite substrate performed best across all parameters, followed by the commercial substrate + powder coconut coir and the commercial substrate. As a result, substrates containing pure vermiculite are recommended for the propagation of H. speciosa var. speciosa, whereas substrates containing higher concentrations of sand, 50 to 100%, have a negative impact on seedling development for this variety.The impact of commercial demand on fruits explored through extractivism requires sustainable production strategies. Among these strategies is seedling propagation for reforestation and/or commercial plantations. The substrate and its impact on the quantity and quality of propagated plants are critical aspects of seedling propagation. Hancornia speciosa, commonly known as mangabeira, is a native fruit species that has been primarily explored through extractivism; thus, the goal of this study was to assess the early development of H. speciosa var. speciosa seedlings in different substrates using morphophysiological parameters. The seeds were processed and sown in six different substrates (sand, sand + powder coconut coir, sand + vermiculite, commercial substrate, commercial substrate + powder coconut coir, vermiculite, commercial substrate + vermiculite). To evaluate seedling development, the parameters First Emergence Count, Emergence Percentage, Emergence Speed Index, Total Seedling Size, Shoot Height, Root Length, Stem Diameter, Number of Leaves, and Shoot and Root Dry Massa were used. The pure vermiculite substrate performed best across all parameters, followed by the commercial substrate + powder coconut coir and the commercial substrate. As a result, substrates containing pure vermiculite are recommended for the propagation of H. speciosa var. speciosa, whereas substrates containing higher concentrations of sand, 50 to 100%, have a negative impact on seedling development for this variety

Salt stress in okra cultivated under different planting systems and mulch

Salt stress directly affects the cultivation of glycophyte plants by reducing water and nutrient uptake, which rapidly affects growth rate and assimilate accumulation. Therefore, a planting system involving transplantation or direct seeding in combination with a plant mulch on the soil can mitigate the detrimental effects of salt stress. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the growth and biomass accumulation of okra crop under salt stress in different planting systems, with and without plant mulch. The study was conducted in polyethylene pots, under full sunlight, in Redenção - CE. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design, in a 3×2×2 factorial scheme, representing three electrical conductivities of irrigation water (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 dS m-1), two planting systems (direct sowing and transplanting) and with and without plant mulch, with 6 replications. Leaf area, leaf number, root length, and dry weight of okra are negatively affected by salt stress (2.5 dS m-1) even under soil protection and different cropping systems. Plant mulch reduced the effects of salts on all biomass variables in both cropping systems at an electrical conductivity of 1.5 dS m-1.Salt stress directly affects the cultivation of glycophyte plants by reducing water and nutrient uptake, which rapidly affects growth rate and assimilate accumulation. Therefore, a planting system involving transplantation or direct seeding in combination with a plant mulch on the soil can mitigate the detrimental effects of salt stress. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the growth and biomass accumulation of okra crop under salt stress in different planting systems, with and without plant mulch. The study was conducted in polyethylene pots, under full sunlight, in Redenção - CE. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design, in a 3×2×2 factorial scheme, representing three electrical conductivities of irrigation water (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 dS m-1), two planting systems (direct sowing and transplanting) and with and without plant mulch, with 6 replications. Leaf area, leaf number, root length, and dry weight of okra are negatively affected by salt stress (2.5 dS m-1) even under soil protection and different cropping systems. Plant mulch reduced the effects of salts on all biomass variables in both cropping systems at an electrical conductivity of 1.5 dS m-1

Conservation of Astrocaryum aculeatum seeds as a function of storage conditions of diaspores

Information on the conservation of Astrocaryum aculeatum seeds can contribute to the sustainable management of this species, as commercial harvesting of its fruits is essentially extractivist. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the germination and vigor of A. aculeatum seeds based on the storage conditions of diaspores (seeds with endocarp). A completely randomized experimental design was used, with a split-plot arrangement in time and four replications. Diaspores containing seeds with 21.1% moisture content were packaged and stored under the following conditions: a) permeable packaging in a natural environment (air temperature of 27.7 ± 1.5 °C and relative air humidity of 85.0 ± 11.9%); b) impermeable packaging in a natural environment; c) impermeable packaging in a cold chamber (18.0 ± 1.0 ºC and relative air humidity of 68.1 ± 6.2%). Seed moisture content, germination, dormancy, and mortality, percentage of seedling emergence, emergence speed index, and mean emergence time were evaluated after different storage periods (0, 2, 4, 6, and 10 months). Storing diaspores of A. aculeatum in impermeable packaging in a natural environment effectively preserve seed physiological quality for ten months. Contrastingly, storing diaspores in permeable packaging in a natural environment and in impermeable packaging in a cold chamber reduces seed physiological quality after two to three months of storage.Information on the conservation of Astrocaryum aculeatum seeds can contribute to the sustainable management of this species, as commercial harvesting of its fruits is essentially extractivist. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the germination and vigor of A. aculeatum seeds based on the storage conditions of diaspores (seeds with endocarp). A completely randomized experimental design was used, with a split-plot arrangement in time and four replications. Diaspores containing seeds with 21.1% moisture content were packaged and stored under the following conditions: a) permeable packaging in a natural environment (air temperature of 27.7 ± 1.5 °C and relative air humidity of 85.0 ± 11.9%); b) impermeable packaging in a natural environment; c) impermeable packaging in a cold chamber (18.0 ± 1.0 ºC and relative air humidity of 68.1 ± 6.2%). Seed moisture content, germination, dormancy, and mortality, percentage of seedling emergence, emergence speed index, and mean emergence time were evaluated after different storage periods (0, 2, 4, 6, and 10 months). Storing diaspores of A. aculeatum in impermeable packaging in a natural environment effectively preserve seed physiological quality for ten months. Contrastingly, storing diaspores in permeable packaging in a natural environment and in impermeable packaging in a cold chamber reduces seed physiological quality after two to three months of storage

Production of tamarind seedlings with organic substrates and application of swine biofertilizer

The tamarind tree is a fruit tree that is quite resistant to tropical climates, making it easy to adapt to the Northeast. Substrates and biofertilizers, as they are organic materials and rich in micro and macronutrients, can enrich the soil for better cultivation of this plant. This research aimed to evaluate the growth of tamarind seedlings using different substrates and applying swine biofertilizer. The experiment was carried out from April to December 2023 at the Instituto Federal da Paraíba, Campus – Sousa-PB, adopting a completely randomized experimental design, with seven replicates, in a 7 x 2 factorial, referring to seven combinations of substrates, being: soil (control treatment), soil + cattle manure, soil + sheep manure, soil + chicken litter, soil + cattle manure + sheep manure, soil + cattle manure + chicken litter, soil + sheep manure + chicken litter, in the absence and presence of swine biofertilizer, totaling 98 experimental units. When the seedlings reached 40 days after sowing (DAS), the following were measured: seedling height (AM), stem diameter (DC), number of leaves (NF), root dry mass (MSR), shoot dry mass (MSPA), root to shoot ratio (RPA), and root length (CR). The best combination of substrates for seedling production was soil + cattle manure + chicken litter. The application of swine biofertilizer to tamarind seedlings promoted beneficial effects on stem diameter, thus making seedlings stronger and more resistant.The tamarind tree is a fruit tree that is quite resistant to tropical climates, making it easy to adapt to the Northeast. Substrates and biofertilizers, as they are organic materials and rich in micro and macronutrients, can enrich the soil for better cultivation of this plant. This research aimed to evaluate the growth of tamarind seedlings using different substrates and applying swine biofertilizer. The experiment was carried out from April to December 2023 at the Instituto Federal da Paraíba, Campus – Sousa-PB, adopting a completely randomized experimental design, with seven replicates, in a 7 x 2 factorial, referring to seven combinations of substrates, being: soil (control treatment), soil + cattle manure, soil + sheep manure, soil + chicken litter, soil + cattle manure + sheep manure, soil + cattle manure + chicken litter, soil + sheep manure + chicken litter, in the absence and presence of swine biofertilizer, totaling 98 experimental units. When the seedlings reached 40 days after sowing (DAS), the following were measured: seedling height (AM), stem diameter (DC), number of leaves (NF), root dry mass (MSR), shoot dry mass (MSPA), root to shoot ratio (RPA), and root length (CR). The best combination of substrates for seedling production was soil + cattle manure + chicken litter. The application of swine biofertilizer to tamarind seedlings promoted beneficial effects on stem diameter, thus making seedlings stronger and more resistant

Decomposition and nutrient release from shoot of legumes cover crops

The cover crops can reduce soil exposure and erosion while enhancing nutrient cycling for crops. Effective implementation requires understanding how cover crops decompose and release nutrients to align with crop demand. This research assessed the decomposition rates and nutrient release of various legume residues commonly used as green manure or cover crops in agricultural systems. The study took place in a nutrient-deficient Red-Yellow Ultisol, using a split-plot design with different legume cover crop species: Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, Cajanus cajan, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), Dolichos lablab, Canavalia ensiformis and Mucuna aterrima as the main plots and six evaluation periods: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after incorporation (DAI) as the subplots. Initial mass losses were observed in the first 60 days, followed by a slower decline over the study period. The order of nutrient accumulation in biomass was found to be: K > N > P > Ca > Mg. The Dolichos lablab species had the slowest decomposition rate, with a half-life of 43 days, while Cajanus cajan had the fastest, with a half-life of 65 days. Potassium reached its maximum by 30 DAI, indicating a rapid transfer to the soil. Nitrogen, P, and K contents decreased during different vegetative phases, highlighting the importance of proper timing for legume management. Hemp, Crotalaria spectabilis, Dolichos lablab, and Canavalia ensiformis were suitable for short-cycle vegetables due to rapid nutrient availability. Conversely, Cajanus spp., and Mucuna aterrima were better for extended soil coverage and slow nutrient release.The cover crops can reduce soil exposure and erosion while enhancing nutrient cycling for crops. Effective implementation requires understanding how cover crops decompose and release nutrients to align with crop demand. This research assessed the decomposition rates and nutrient release of various legume residues commonly used as green manure or cover crops in agricultural systems. The study took place in a nutrient-deficient Red-Yellow Ultisol, using a split-plot design with different legume cover crop species: Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, Cajanus cajan, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), Dolichos lablab, Canavalia ensiformis and Mucuna aterrima as the main plots and six evaluation periods: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after incorporation (DAI) as the subplots. Initial mass losses were observed in the first 60 days, followed by a slower decline over the study period. The order of nutrient accumulation in biomass was found to be: K > N > P > Ca > Mg. The Dolichos lablab species had the slowest decomposition rate, with a half-life of 43 days, while Cajanus cajan had the fastest, with a half-life of 65 days. Potassium reached its maximum by 30 DAI, indicating a rapid transfer to the soil. Nitrogen, P, and K contents decreased during different vegetative phases, highlighting the importance of proper timing for legume management. Hemp, Crotalaria spectabilis, Dolichos lablab, and Canavalia ensiformis were suitable for short-cycle vegetables due to rapid nutrient availability. Conversely, Cajanus spp., and Mucuna aterrima were better for extended soil coverage and slow nutrient release

Phenology and fruit quality of Surinam cherry trees in orchards: training system and seedling growth environment

Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) is a fruit tree species native to Brazil that produces fruits with potential forfood, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. However, there is no technical information for growing Surinamcherry in orchards. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phenology and fruit quality of Surinam cherrytrees grown from minicuttings, based on effects of shading during seedling formation and orchard trainingsystems. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Technology of Paraná (UTFPR), from 2018 to2021. A randomized block experimental design with four replications was used, in a 5×3 factorial arrangement,consisted of light intensities during seedling formation and orchard training systems, with varying experimentalunits according to the analyses. Surinam cherry trees showed differences in the beginning and range of floweringand fruit maturation according to the shading environment used for seedling formation and the orchard trainingsystem. The fruit quality of Surinam cherry trees grown from minicuttings was not affected by the analyzedfactors.Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) is a fruit tree species native to Brazil that produces fruits with potential forfood, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. However, there is no technical information for growing Surinamcherry in orchards. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phenology and fruit quality of Surinam cherrytrees grown from minicuttings, based on effects of shading during seedling formation and orchard trainingsystems. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Technology of Paraná (UTFPR), from 2018 to2021. A randomized block experimental design with four replications was used, in a 5×3 factorial arrangement,consisted of light intensities during seedling formation and orchard training systems, with varying experimentalunits according to the analyses. Surinam cherry trees showed differences in the beginning and range of floweringand fruit maturation according to the shading environment used for seedling formation and the orchard trainingsystem. The fruit quality of Surinam cherry trees grown from minicuttings was not affected by the analyzedfactors.

Winter pruning timing, development and quality of Cabernet Sauvignon in Southern Brazil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of winter pruning timing on phenology, productivity, and quality of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wines in 2022/2023 production cycle. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with 3 replications, each experimental unit consisted of 5 plants. The treatments involved four pruning timings (end of May, June, July and August). Phenology assessments were beginning and end of bud break, flowering, maturation and percentage of bud break. Production was evaluated by the number of clusters per plant, weight and size of clusters, productivity per plant and per hectare. The analyzes of must were pH, total acidity and soluble solids (°Brix). In wine, pH, total acidity, sugars, alcohol, volatile acidity and color were analyzed. In the end a wine sensory analysis was carried out. The results showed that the bud break of plants pruned early, in May, occurred at the same time as plants pruned in June and July. Early pruning resulted in lower productivity. The grape must from plants pruned late, in August, showed higher total acidity and lower values ​​of soluble solids and sugars. Early pruning did not change the duration of the cultivar's phenological subperiods, nor did it bring forward the harvest in relation to the control. The different pruning times influenced productivity more than the composition of grapes and wines, indicating that it is possible to extend the pruning period.The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of winter pruning timing on phenology, productivity, and quality of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wines in 2022/2023 production cycle. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with 3 replications, each experimental unit consisted of 5 plants. The treatments involved four pruning timings (end of May, June, July and August). Phenology assessments were beginning and end of bud break, flowering, maturation and percentage of bud break. Production was evaluated by the number of clusters per plant, weight and size of clusters, productivity per plant and per hectare. The analyzes of must were pH, total acidity and soluble solids (°Brix). In wine, pH, total acidity, sugars, alcohol, volatile acidity and color were analyzed. In the end a wine sensory analysis was carried out. The results showed that the bud break of plants pruned early, in May, occurred at the same time as plants pruned in June and July. Early pruning resulted in lower productivity. The grape must from plants pruned late, in August, showed higher total acidity and lower values ​​of soluble solids and sugars. Early pruning did not change the duration of the cultivar's phenological subperiods, nor did it bring forward the harvest in relation to the control. The different pruning times influenced productivity more than the composition of grapes and wines, indicating that it is possible to extend the pruning period