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Japan's Role in Rebuilding the Rules-Based International Order
There exists some consensus that the liberal international order now is in crisis. It is both urgent and important to rebuild the rules-based international order. If the liberal international order is based on the Pax Americana, then the rules-based international order is based on the shared norms and consensus of most members of the international community. Given the strategic rivalry between the US and China, Japan should take the duty and leadership to rebuild the rules-based international order. Specifically speaking, Japan can play the following roles to contribute to the rebuilding of the rules-based international order: taking the leadership; promoting summit diplomacy; practicing the middle power strategy; and strengthening the rule of law
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This paper introduces the amendments to the Provider Law and evaluates their significance from the perspective of the responsibility of the platform operator
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On October 6, 2020, the majority staff of the U.S. House Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial, and Administrative Law issued a report titled âInvestigation of Competition in Digital Markets, Majority Staff Report and Recommendations.â The report is the result of a sixteen-month bipartisan investigation that was launched in June 2019. "The purpose of the investigation was to: (1) document competition problems in digital markets; (2) examine whether dominant firms are engaging in anticompetitive conduct; and (3) assess whether existing antitrust laws, competition policies, and current enforcement levels are adequate to address these issues." The investigation was clearly focused on the market power and the dominance of the big technology companies called âGAFA,â i.e. Google, Apple, Facebook, and Amazon. The Subcommittee staff concluded that GAFA posses "significant and durable market power due to several factors, including a high volume of acquisition" and their role as "gatekeepers" of key distribution channels that makes it possible to control access to digital markets. In addition, the staff found that GAFA engaged in a wide variety of anti-competitive conduct including self-preferencing and "killer acquisitions" of nascent and/or potential competitors to maintain their market power. Thus, the Subcommittee staff also provided recommendations "for areas of legislative activity to address the rise and abuse of market power in the digital economy, as well as areas that warrant additional Congressional attention." With the rise of big technology companies like GAFA, and/or âBAT,â i.e. Baidu, Alibaba, and Tencent, governmental authorities all over the world are now facing the similar problems as mentioned above. They should cooperate in studying the issues and thereby design the additional regulatory framework that is necessary in the digital world
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