Murine Models for pathogenicity of Human Neurotropic Stealth and Normal Hemophilus Influenzae B [HIB]

Human  neurotropic stealth and normal  intact Hemophilus influenzae b [HIB] were recovered from cases of  subacute meningitis pateints.Tempts were made to reproduce the disease in  murine models .Two infectious live doses  as one and ten  international units of the WHO opacity tube were prepared from both of the stealth and intact isolates.The dose volume was fixed  as 0.1 ml.These infectious doses were applied  to the murine models via intracranial and intravenous routes.The matching of  gross neurogenic signs and symptomes of the infected mice were lasted up to ten days post-infection.At the dose 10 IU  ,both stealth and intact HIB cause sudden death.While,1 IU doses from both stealth and intact HIB  yield neurogenic symptomes from 7 to 10 days then  the animals died. The  10 IU doses from both stealth and intact HIB via intravenous routes were leading to mild neurogenic symptome   ranged from 2 to 24 hrs then vanished.While , 0.1 doses  from both forms of the infectious agents showed symptomless state.The pathogenicity spectrum was as;symptomeless,mild neurogenic symptome ,sheffering,laid down on one body site on the stratum then death and/or sudden death.Reisolation was fruitfull in all infected animals. The  direct impression stained smears of the infected  mice brains showed landmarks of sub-acute meningitis.Intracranial mice model seems to be novel for simulation of human  subacute meningits disease

The Role of Arts Engagement in Mitigating Stress among University Students: A Literature Review

This study explores the role of arts engagement in mitigating stress among undergraduate students, with a specific focus on both global and Chinese educational contexts. Stress in higher education is a pervasive issue, exacerbated by academic pressures, financial constraints, and cultural expectations. In China, these challenges are compounded by systemic factors such as the competitive Gaokao system and deeply ingrained Confucian values, which emphasize academic excellence and family honor, often at the expense of individual well-being. While Western literature extensively examines stress management strategies, such as mindfulness and cognitive-behavioral therapies, these interventions often lack cultural resonance in non-Western settings. Through a systematic review methodology adhering to PRISMA guidelines, this study synthesizes findings from empirical research on arts-based interventions, including music therapy, visual arts workshops, and calligraphy. Evidence indicates that these interventions significantly reduce stress by addressing cognitive, emotional, and physiological stress responses. Music therapy demonstrates efficacy in lowering cortisol levels and promoting relaxation through activation of the parasympathetic nervous system. Visual arts provide cognitive distraction and emotional expression, reducing anxiety and fostering a sense of control. In Chinese contexts, traditional practices like calligraphy enhance mindfulness and align with cultural values of harmony and introspection, making them particularly effective stress management tools. The analysis highlights cultural differences in arts engagement practices. While Western interventions prioritize individuality and self-expression, Chinese approaches emphasize discipline and societal harmony, aligning with collective cultural norms. Despite their effectiveness, challenges such as methodological inconsistencies, cultural biases, and underrepresentation of non-Western practices in the literature limit the generalizability of findings.This study concludes that arts engagement offers a versatile and culturally adaptable strategy for stress management in higher education. By integrating arts-based interventions into academic settings, universities can promote holistic well-being and address culturally specific needs. Future research should focus on addressing methodological gaps, enhancing cultural inclusivity, and exploring the long-term impacts of arts engagement on student stress reduction

The Use of Computers in the Teaching-learning Process Some Time Ago and Nowadays

Information and Communication Technology’s development and the gradual implementation of computers as a teaching aid in educational institutions impose the need for additional instructions for classroom teachers regarding the computers’ use while working with children. Both the computer and its use in the teaching- learning process offer numerous opportunities, but it is important to choose those opportunities that will improve the educational process with the computer’s proper use and will motivate students to acquire new teaching content

US or CT when it Comes to Monitoring Hepatic Metastases in Patients with Primary GIT and Breast Cancer? Comparative Results of Sensitivity and Specificity of CT and US

Malignant diseases are one of the greatest health challenges at the global level and a major social, public health and economic problem in the 21st century with the three most common types of cancer: lung cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer. Radiodiagnostics plays a major role in detecting the primary disease, its stage, the presence or absence of secondary deposits, response to therapy, and monitoring for possible relapses. The current challenge for radiodiagnostic methods is to provide aaccurate, non-invasive method that is highly sensitive and specific and well-tolerated by the patient. We conducted a prospective comparative study over a period of 12 months, which included 82 subjects, patients with metastatic liver disease with primary gastrointestinal tract cancer and breast cancer. Two CT contrast examinations were performed in three phases, as well as four US examinations over a period of 3 months, both examinations within 12 months.The aim of the study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in relation to all phases of CT taken as the gold standard for detection of hepatic metastases. From the results obtained, US showed the highest sensitivity (100%) and specificity (92.31%) in patients with GIT cancer in hyperechoic changes compared to the arterial phase of CT, while in patients with breast cancer, the sensitivity of US is highest in ring changes (85.71%), and the specificity in isoechoic changes (95%). Regarding the venous phase, US did not show sensitivity for the detection of hepatic lesions in patients with cancer originating from the GIT, while in patients with breast cancer it showed maximum sensitivity (100%) in the detection of ring lesions, and maximum specificity for hypoechoic lesions (100%). US was shown to be sensitive compared to late-phase CT in detecting isoechoic changes in patients with breast cancer (83.33%), but insufficiently sensitive for changes in patients with GIT cancer. The specificity of US is maximum for hypoechoic changes in patients with GIT cancer (100%), and isoechoic changes in patients with breast cancer (88.57%)

Workplace Spirituality and Readiness for Innovative Education in International Schools of Shaanxi, China: A Pilot Test

This study aims to explore the role of workplace spirituality in enhancing the readiness of academic staff to foster innovative educational practices in international schools in Shaanxi, China. The research employed a structured questionnaire designed to measure seven key constructs: workplace spirituality, readiness for innovative education, organizational justice, cross-cultural competency, work-life balance, school culture and support, and curriculum adaptation. To ensure the feasibility and effectiveness of the research design and methodology, a pilot study was conducted with a sample of 50 academic staff members selected using simple random sampling from various international schools in Shaanxi Province. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were rigorously assessed. Cronbach's alpha values for the constructs ranged from 0.76 to 0.85, demonstrating acceptable to excellent internal consistency. Additionally, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relationships between constructs, confirming the questionnaire's construct validity. The correlation matrix revealed significant positive correlations between workplace spirituality, readiness for innovative education, and school culture and support. The results of this pilot study indicate that the research instrument is both reliable and valid, providing a robust tool for assessing the interplay between workplace spirituality and readiness for innovative education among academic staff in international schools. These findings have important implications for policy and practice, suggesting that fostering a spiritually enriched work environment can enhance educational innovation. The study contributes to the growing body of literature on workplace spirituality by highlighting its potential influence on educators' preparedness to adopt innovative teaching methods, thereby supporting the continuous improvement of educational practices in international contexts

Analysis of Online Marketing of Palm Sugar (Case Study of Mutiara Labuah Gunuang Farmer Group, Lareh Sago Halaban District), Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatera, Indonesia

Mutiara Farmers Group has marketed palm sugar products offline and online. However, online marketing is still not optimal. Therefore, this study aims to analyze online marketing and consumer responses to the Mutiara Farmers Group's palm sugar. The study was conducted in June-October 2024 using an interview method using a questionnaire and analyzed qualitatively. The results of this study obtained that 45 percent of respondents bought palm sugar online (WhatsApp) and 55 percent around the Payakumbuh and Pekanbaru areas offline. Online marketing is still limited because the distance of the palm sugar factory is far from the shipping location. All respondents chose palm sugar because it is pure palm sugar. Therefore, there needs to be a palm sugar storage warehouse near the shipping location

Determination of Extracellular Enzymatic Activities of Bacteria Isolated from Insuyu Cave

Caves are often regarded as extreme environments due to their high humidity, stable low temperatures, limited nutrient availability, and minimal energy input. These unique characteristics attract researchers from various disciplines, including biology, chemistry, geology, and astronomy. Despite the presence of approximately 40,000 caves in Türkiye, microbiological studies in these habitats remain limited. One significant area of research involves the discovery of antimicrobial compounds and enzymes produced by microorganisms in isolated cave environments, driven by interspecies competition. In this study, bacterial strains were isolated from Insuyu Cave to evaluate their extracellular enzymatic activities. Seventy-five isolates were screened for lipase, protease, amylase, catalase, gelatinase, and urease production. Results showed that 39% of the strains exhibited lipolytic activity, 36% protease activity, 36% amylase activity, 91% catalase activity, 13% gelatinase activity, and 45% urease activity. The findings highlight the significant potential of caves as natural resources for industrial enzyme research

The Law in Macedonia in the Middle Ages According to the Law on Judging People

When discussing the law in medieval Macedonia, it is clear that in the early years of the Middle Ages, it was underdeveloped and relied heavily on customary law. Without significant changes, customary law would sometimes transition into written law and vice versa. A significant influence on the law in medieval Macedonia was undoubtedly the Law on Judging People, one of the most renowned historical sources of Slavic law, believed to have been created in the second half of the 9th century or the early 10th century. There is no dispute over the fact that this legal document was modeled on and represents an adaptation of specific articles from Chapter XVII of the Byzantine Ecloga. The Law on Judging People primarily contains criminal law but also includes provisions of private and procedural law. During this period, this code was the main written document that, together with unwritten customary law, constituted the legal framework in medieval Macedonia. Naturally, Byzantine law was also applied in Macedonia at that time. However, with the creation of the Law on Judging People, this law was implemented in Macedonia, and it can be said that it was a much more lenient and tolerant law compared to all previous laws in Byzantium. The Law on Judging People regulated the legal system in this region and, together with customary law, determined punishments. The original manuscript of this document has not been preserved

Isolation and Characterization of Yeast Strains from Burdur Sugar Factory

This study aimed to isolate and characterize yeast strains from diverse sampling points within the Burdur Sugar Factory, including pulp, bagasse, transport water, molasses, and filter press soil. Yeast isolation was performed using Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar, and colonies were analyzed for growth at elevated temperatures, heavy metal resistance, killer toxin production, and textile dye removal capabilities. A total of 16 yeast strains were isolated, with the highest colony counts observed in pulp and bagasse samples, while no growth occurred in molasses or filter press soil. Physiological characterization revealed that 11 strains exhibited growth at 37 °C, and all strains demonstrated lead resistance at 5mM concentration, though resistance to other heavy metals was negligible. Killer toxin assays identified that BS12 effectively inhibited five other strains, highlighting its potential for fermentation applications. In the textile dye removal test, all strains grew in dye-enriched media, but only one strain BS8, isolated from bagasse, showed significant color removal. These findings suggest that the unique microenvironment of the sugar factory supports yeast strains with diverse and potentially valuable metabolic properties. Further molecular characterization is recommended to confirm species-level identification and explore the industrial applications of these yeasts in biotechnology, biofuel production, and environmental remediation

Gravel in the Switchyard Area of a Main Substation on Sandy Clay Soil

The thickness of the gravel laid in the switchyard area of a main substation impacts the touch and step voltage values. The gravel thickness generally varies from 0.08 meters to 0.15 meters, tailored to the soil texture at the substation site. This study aimed to determine the optimal gravel thickness in the switchyard equipment area of a main substation on sandy clay soil. A descriptive quantitative analysis method was used. The results revealed that increasing the gravel thickness from 0.08 meters to 0.17 meters resulted in decreased step and touch voltage values. Gravel thicknesses from 0.08 meters to 0.14 meters maintained safe step voltage levels, while thicknesses from 0.15 meters to 0.17 meters achieved the best outcomes, under both wet and dry conditions of the sandy clay soil