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China Maritime Report No. 35: Beyond Chinese Ferry Tales: The Rise of Deck Cargo Ships in China\u27s Military Activities, 2023
This report provides a comprehensive assessment of Chinese civilian shipping support to the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), examining civil maritime-military activities in 2023. As of 2023 and probably through at least 2030, the PLA’s reserve fleet of civilian ships is probably unable to provide the amphibious landing capabilities or the over-the-shore logistics in austere or challenging environments necessary to support a major cross-strait invasion of Taiwan. However, 2023 activity has demonstrated significant progress toward that end. In addition to the extensive use of civilian ferries, this report identifies the first use of large deck cargo ships to support PLA exercises. While not as capable as large, ocean-going ferries, China’s civil fleet boasts dozens of large deck cargo ships and may provide the PLA with the lift capacity necessary to eventually support a large crossstrait operation. This report also discusses other civil maritime-military activities including “surge lift events,” coordination and synchronization of multi-theater events, floating causeway developments, and the dedicated use of civilian ships for intra-theater military logistics.https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cmsi-maritime-reports/1034/thumbnail.jp
CMSI Note #10: China\u27s Summer of 2024: The Missing Chapter
Key Takeaways: In the summer of 2024, two Chinese oceanographic survey ships—the Xiang Yang Hong 01 and Kexue—conducted marine scientific research activities in the Bering Sea. Their actions represented a significant expansion of PRC marine data collection in this region. The Bering Sea is a key segment in the sea lanes connecting China with the Arctic Ocean. Thus, the operations of these two vessels should be understood as part of the unprecedented ramp-up in Beijing’s Arctic endeavors that occurred in 2024. The main purposes of the two Bering Sea cruises are unknown. However, both ships were built to meet military requirements, at least in part. Even if they were just conducting basic marine science, the data they collected is inherently dual-use and will be shared with the Chinese military, improving its awareness of the operating environment. The Xiang Yang Hong 01 operated in Russia’s EEZ and visited a Russian military port, demonstrating a high degree of Russian support for PRC activities in the region. Both ships conducted marine scientific research in waters above the U.S.-claimed extended continental shelf. If their operations involved surveys of the seabed, they would constitute a direct challenge to the U.S. maritime claim.https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cmsi-notes/1009/thumbnail.jp
The South China Sea Arbitration After Eight Years: Its Implications for Jurisprudence and Third Parties
Even though eight years have passed since the issuance of the South China Sea arbitral award between the Republic of the Philippines and the People’s Republic of China, China has repeatedly claimed that the South China Sea arbitral award is null and void. Thus a question arises with regard to the legal consequences of the award in international law and international relations. The aim of this article is to consider this question by analyzing the impacts of the South China Sea arbitral award from three viewpoints: The impacts on the jurisdiction of an adjudicative body with regard to mixed disputes (adjudicative implications), the protection of the marine environment (environmental implications), and the perception of third States in a spatial order in the South China Sea (spatial implications). This article will argue that the legal consequences of a judicial decision cannot be completely erased by a denial of its validity by one of the disputing parties and that the assessment of a judicial decision can be regarded as a dynamic process that requires constant verification in light of the interaction between the judicial decision, subsequent jurisprudence, and State practice
Study No. 4, China, the United States and 21st Century Sea Power: Defining a Maritime Security Partnership
Studies in Chinese Maritime Development No. 4, China, the United States and 21st Century Sea Power: Defining a Maritime Security Partnershiphttps://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cmsi-studies/1004/thumbnail.jp