GENDER EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION AT WORK THROUGH THE LENS OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS

International Labour Organization (ILO) adopted the Discrimination(Employment and Occupation) Convention (No. 111) and Recommendation(No. 111), 1958, as the first comprehensive instruments dealing specificallywith equality and non-discrimination in respect of employment and occupation.Convention No. 111 places the general principle of equality and nondiscriminationin the context of the world of work. However, other ILOstandards expressly prohibiting discriminatory measures have been adopted.Considering that elimination of discrimination in respect of employment andoccupation is one of the fundamental principles and rights at work, theinternational labour standards are of crucial importance in ensuring equality ofopportunity and treatment, including gender equality. Gender equality at workrelates to all men and women. It cannot be achieved without the elimination ofdiscrimination. One of the main reasons is that gender inequality is often rootedin discrimination. Discrimination in employment and occupation is a universaland permanently evolving phenomenon. It can take a variety of forms, such asdirect discrimination, indirect discrimination, discrimination-based harassment,multiple discrimination, intersectional discrimination and specific forms ofdiscrimination, which will be discussed in the paper. In relation to genderequality, discrimination can be based on many discriminatory grounds, whichare mainly linked to sex as discriminatory ground. According to ILO Committeeof Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations (CEACR),the notion of “sex” as a prohibited discriminatory ground has evolved to includepregnancy and maternity, civil and marital status, and family situation andresponsibilities, as well as sexual harassment as a serious manifestation of sexdiscrimination. Therefore, discrimination based on the aforementioned grounds,including sexual harassment, will be examined. In 2019, ILO adopted theViolence and Harassment Convention (No. 190). It is the first internationallabour standard to address violence and harassment in the world of work,including gender-based harassment, which will also be analyzed

Биографија на Ружица Јанчулева (1951-2015)

Prof. Ruzhica Janchuleva biographyБиографија на проф. д-р Ружица Јанчулев

IMPACT OF GLOBAL CONFLICTS AND POWER DYNAMICS ON TRADE AND COMMODITIES

The paper "Impact of Global Conflicts and Power Dynamics on Trade andCommodities" examines the transformative effects of geopolitical tensions andglobal power shifts on international trade and commodity flows. It argues that longstandingsupply chain models and traditional management practices are beingupended by rapidly evolving global conditions — including conflicts such as thewar in Ukraine and regional instabilities— - that are disrupting established traderoutes and forcing industry to seek alternative sources of raw materials. The authorsexamine the evolution from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0, emphasizing theintegration of digitalization, intelligent automation and improved human–machinecollaboration to create more resilient and flexible production systems. The studyhighlights that the depletion of domestic resources in developed countries,combined with increasing reliance on distant supply chains, has increasedvulnerability to geopolitical and economic shocks. In response, companies areurged to adopt flexible, digitally integrated management systems that enable realtimemonitoring and adaptive decision-making. The paper proposes strategicmeasures such as the use of advanced logistics information systems, intelligentrobotics, sustainable and circular economy practices, and modular organizationalstructures that can be reconfigured to mitigate risk. It also emphasizes theimportance of investing in human capital and promoting global connectivity toensure continuous and efficient flows of goods in the face of ongoing internationalchallenges

THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA AND THE JUDGMENTS OF THE REGULAR COURTS

The subject of this paper is one of the primary tasks of constitutional courts: to ensure that human rights guaranteed by the constitution are respected and implemented in everyday life. This is achieved by adhering to two critical aspects of the process of resolving disputes related to fundamental rights: determining whether a rights violation has occurred and deciding on appropriate measures for restoring or compensating for the violated rights. To strengthen this role of constitutional courts, it is recommended to introduce the possibility of annulling unconstitutional judicial decisions. The constitutional court should have the authority to nullify court decisions that conflict with the constitution, thereby providing greater protection of fundamental human rights. This text focuses on the two critical aspects of proceedings before constitutional courts, as well as the need to introduce a mechanism for the annulment of unconstitutional court decisions. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to examine the legal concept of introducing the possibility of annulling unconstitutional judicial decisions and analyze its significance for legal certainty and the protection of human rights. Additionally, an analysis will be conducted on the situation in the Republic of North Macedonia, with a particular focus on existing mechanisms for human rights protection and opportunities for enhancing constitutional oversight over judicial decisions

ЗАМЕНКАТА *VЬSЬ ВО МАКЕДОНСКИОТ ЈАЗИК

The text deals with the contemporary state of the Proto-Slavic pronoun *vьsь in the Macedonian language. This pronoun is analyzed in terms of form, as well as in terms of usage. In terms of form, it belongs to the development path followed by South Slavic languages, but it has developed its own specific feature - it is always used with an article. As for usage, plural forms function as indicators of collective reference, while singular forms act as adjectives with the meaning ‘whole’.Во текстот ќе стане збор за заменката *vьsь, во поглед на нејзиното потекло и современата состојба во македонскиот јазик. За споредба ќе бидат наведени и формите на оваа заменка во останатите словенски јазици. Се разгледува нејзиното поле на функционирање во современиот стандард, говорен и литературен, како и во дијалектите

GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON TAX POLICY

From ancient times until today, the main function of all tax systems remainsunchanged. Their key purpose is to generate revenues, while equity, fairness andnon-discrimination are established as fundamental principles of taxation. States usethe collected tax revenues to ensure proper functioning of society and to meetessential needs of all citizens. In recent years, the demand for gender equality hasemerged as a critical aspect of these needs.Tax systems are generally considered neutral, designed to impact everyoneequally. All individuals and citizens are obliged to pay taxes and other public levies,as well to contribute in covering public expenditure regardless of gender, race,colour of skin, national and social origin, political and religious belief, property,and social status. Additionally, the language of the tax provisions does not mentiongender in a way that would possibly impose different tax treatment between menand women. Therefore, if taxpayers earn the same income, they will be taxed thesame and no one will be questioning gender (in)equity.Traditionally, tax policy is perceived from an economic point of viewfocusing on revenue generation and economic growth. On the other hand, thegender equality is often seen as a social issue. However, significant disparities existbetween men and women in the labor market, including differences in employmentstatus (formal vs. informal), job types, and working hours, as well as distinctconsumption patterns influenced by gender roles, particularly in caregiving andhousehold responsibilities. Recognizing these disparities, governments have begunto acknowledge the importance of gender equity and have started to implementmeasures that are expected to focus on gender biases within tax policies.This paper aims to: (i) explore how tax systems may accidentally perpetuategender inequalities, and (ii) assess the extent to which states can use the tax policyas an instrument to promote and protect gender equality

ROMAN CATHOLICS AND MUSLIMS IN GREECE: INTERRELIGIOUS AND INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE IN A BALKAN COUNTRY

This paper is intended to analyse Islamic presence in Modern Greece especially under theperspective of interreligious dialogue between Muslim refugees and Christian majority of Greekpopulation. In this context, many initiatives held by Roman Catholics in Greece, especially Jesuits,Franciscans, local Caritas, Sisters of Mother Theresa, are devoted to Muslim refugees and peopleof different migratory background. Humanitarian activity promoted by Roman Catholics favoursan interactive process with immigrants but also a fight for justice with the result of establishingan interfaith dialogue with Greek Orthodox Christians. The meeting with refugees is aimed notonly to give them the possibility of making an income, but also to restore the dignity of migrantpeople. So, for example, the Jesuit Refugee Center (JRS) and the Jesuit Welcome Center (JWC) aremeant to answer the urgent needs of people from Central Asia (Pakistan, Afghanistan), Northernand Sahel Africa (Morocco, Egypt, Somalia, Nigeria) and other countries with Muslim majority. Onthe other hand, these initiatives favour a regular daily routine through work and/or learning. Thisgoal inspired the “Pedro Arrupe Center”, a social justice and educational project, aimed to helpyoung refugees or children of families with migratory background to better pursue their schoolintegration process

Мултикултурните работилници и инклузијата на учениците Роми во основното образование

The Multicultural Workshops program was launched with an intention to enablestudents from different ethnic backgrounds to interact with each other through collaborativejoint activities designed to provide conditions for learning from each other about eachother’s culture.This paper presents the results from a quantitative pre- and post- intervention studycarried out in two turns in one ethically mixed primary school where Roma students attendclasses in Macedonian as a language of instruction. The participants were 58 ethnicMacedonian and 63 ethnic Albanian students from four age groups who took part in 12-15Multicultural Workshops that included Roma students. In order to assess the effects of theexposure to the workshops on their perception of Roma, all participants were given a custom-designed instrument to identify the degree of social distance, trust and stereotypes towardsthem, as well as group anxiety and willingness for positive action.Taking into account the results that show differences in the participants’ perceptionof Roma and in their readiness to interact with them before and after the program, thepaper concludes that, under defined conditions, this approach could be considered as an exampleof a good practice in integrating Roma students in primary education.Програмата „Мултикултурни работилници“ беше промовирана со цел научениците од различните етнички заедници да им се создадат можности за меѓу-себна интеракција преку различни колаборативни заеднички активности, дизајни-рани така да можат да им обезбедат услови на учесниците да учат едни од другиза културата на другите.Во овој труд се презентирани резултатите од квантитативното истра-жување спроведено во два наврати, во едно двојазично училиште во земјата кадешто учат и ученици Роми кои главно посетуваат настава на македонски јазик. Ис-питаници беа вкупно 58 ученици – Македонци и 63 Албанци од четири возрасни гру-пи кои учествуваа во циклус кој се состои од 12 до 15 мултикултурни работилнициво кои беа вклучени и ученици Роми. За да се процени ефектот од изложеноста напрограмата врз тоа како учениците ги перципираат Ромите, на сите им беше зада-ден инструмент со кој се идентификува изразеноста на социјалната дистанца,стереотипите и довербата кон нив, како и групната анксиозност и подготвеностаза позитивна акција.Земајќи ги предвид резултатите кои укажуваат на тоа дека кај учесници-те во програмата се појавиле разлики во тоа како ги перципираат Ромите по зав-ршувањето на циклусот работилници, се заклучува дека под определени услови, наовој пристап може да се гледа како на пример за добра практика во интеграција научениците Роми во основното образование

RELIGIOUS DIALOGUE AS A KEY TO INTERETHNIC COOPERATION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country characterized by the interconnectedness of ethnicand religious affiliation, the country is home to three main ethnic groups (Serbs, Croats andBosnians) who are members of three different religions (Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Islam). Thehistory of Bosnia and Herzegovina is accompanied by deep religious and ethnic divisions and aspirations.The cause of conflict and intolerance in the country is often because of the different interestbetween all three religious parties. The intention of the authors of this paper is to draw attentionto the importance of religious dialogue in interethnic relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as themain key for spreading a culture of peace, mutual tolerance and understanding