Emerging Frontiers and Future Directions in Nanomedicine: A Comprehensive Review

Nanomedicine stands at the forefront of healthcare advancements, leveraging nanotechnology to enhance diagnosis, treatment, and disease prevention. Within this rapidly growing field, nanoparticles exhibit unique traits, such as a notable surface area-to-volume ratio and precise targeting abilities, making them valuable in medical applications. The article delves into diverse types of nanomedicines utilized in the pharmaceutical sector, exploring their potential advantages and examining targeted drug delivery mechanisms. Key breakthroughs, like globally recognized therapies such as Doxil and Abraxane, have emerged from nanomedicine. However, it emphasizes the necessity to address regulatory and ethical considerations to ensure both safety and efficacy. The article sheds light on limitations in targeted drug delivery, including issues like limited drug payload capacity and a lack of specificity, emphasizing the importance of addressing these challenges. Despite hurdles, the future of nanomedicine appears promising, poised to revolutionize personalized medicine, elevate disease detection and treatment, and support tissue regeneration and repair. Integration with artificial intelligence is highlighted as a potential avenue for achieving more precise and efficient drug delivery and disease diagnosis. The article underscores the significance of ongoing investments and collaborations among researchers, healthcare providers, and industry partners to surmount obstacles and unlock the full potential of nanomedicine. In conclusion, nanomedicine stands as a dynamic and promising field with the potential to bring about significant improvements in healthcare outcomes. Keywords: Nanomedicine, Targeted drug delivery system, Treatment, Healthcare, FDA (food and drug administration)

Formulation and evaluation of herbal face pack for healthy skincare

Aim and Background: This research investigates the formulation and assessment of a herbal face pack, integrating historical insights into plant-based skincare remedies. Methodology: Comprising ingredients like neem, multani mitti, turmeric, aloe vera, papaya, liquorice, and rose water, the face pack is designed to enhance skin health and radiance. The study meticulously details the preparation process, emphasizing the incorporation of traditional practices within modern skincare approaches. Comprehensive evaluation encompasses organoleptic, physicochemical, rheological, irritancy, and stability analyses. Result: The outcomes affirm that the face pack has commendable attributes, including a pleasing fragrance, refined texture, and non-irritating properties. Demonstrating sustained stability, the formulation underscores its potential as a natural and efficacious cosmetic product. This research adeptly integrates age-old wisdom with contemporary scientific scrutiny, underscoring the relevance of exploring traditional skincare practices in a contemporary context. Conclusion: The herbal face pack emerges as a promising solution for fostering luminous and resilient skin through the judicious use of natural constituents. Keywords: herbal skincare, face pack formulation, natural ingredients, skincare research, traditional practices

Hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extracts of Annona senegalensis (Annonaceae) and Hallea ledermannii (Rubiaceae) in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rat.

ABSTRACT Context: Given the high cost of treating diabetics with modern medicine in developing countries like Africa, traditional medicine has become an alternative widely practiced by them for their care. Hence the need to carry out a preclinical test in order to make improved traditional medicines available to diabetics in these countries at lower cost. It is in this context that we undertook to carry out scientific studies that could also promote traditional African medicine. General objective: To evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of aqueous extracts of Annona senegalensis (Annonaceae) (EAAs) and Hallea ledermannii (Rubiaceae) (EAHl), two plants known to be antidiabetic, in diabetic rats of the Wistar strain. Material and methods: The study of the effects of EAAs and EAHl on lipid profile parameters and markers of liver function in non-diabetic rats and in those made diabetic by induction of alloxan at a single dose of 75 mg/ kg of body weight (bw) was carried out after two (2), four (4), eight (8) and thirteen (13) weeks of treatment. Also, the study of the influence of the effects of these aqueous extracts on the liver of these animals was carried out after four (4) and thirteen (13) weeks of treatment. Furthermore, the histological analysis of the liver of the test rats was carried out after measuring the relative weight of this organ, on the 91st day of treatment. Results: After four (4) weeks of treatment, only the value of LDL cholesterol (LDL-c) in rats treated with EAAs (200 mg/kg bw) significantly decreased (p < 0.05) compared to that of controls. untreated diabetics (1.27 ± 0.02 versus 1.18 ± 0.03 g/L). After 91 days of treatment, a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase and protein content was observed in diabetic rats treated with EAHl200 compared to the mean values ​​in untreated diabetic control rats respectively (137.5 ± 2. 50 against diabetic control values ​​93.50 ± 2.50) and (80 ± 3 g/L against diabetic control values ​​64 ± 4 g/L). At the same stage of treatment, the relative weight of the liver of all animals did not undergo significant variations (p > 0.05) compared to that of non-diabetic controls. Conclusion: This study highlighted the hepato-protective properties of these extracts in diabetics. Keywords: Annona Senegalensis, Hallea ledermannii, glibenclamide, hepato-protective, rat- diabetes

A Study of Sympathetic Skin Response in persons with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Impairment in Autonomic nervous system constitutes to one of the most serious and important complications in persons with Diabetes. Noninvasive Sympathetic Skin Response (SSR) test assesses the impairment of the sympathetic fibers of the peripheral nerves is widely used and valid markers of autonomic neuropathy. Considering the cost effectiveness of these tests, SSR testing would help us in understanding the prevalence of autonomic dysfunction in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Method: 30 adults diagnosed with T2DM and 25 normal healthy adults who volunteered to participate were assessed for SSR in their foot and hand. SSR was assessed using Neurowerk EMG/NCV equipment capable of assessing SSR. Electrical current was used on the median nerve at the wrist to elicit SSR. Results: SSR was elicited in all participants. In persons with T2DM, mean SSR latency and SSR Amplitude for the hand were 1.587 ± 0.759 secs and 1499 ± 1411 microVolt respectively. The mean SSR Latency and SSR Amplitude for the foot were 2.478 ± 1.247 secs and 39.2 ± 901.07 micro Volts respectively. Characteristics of the SSR curves were discussed. Conclusion: In persons with T2DM, mean SSR latency of hand and foot were 1.587 ± 0.759 and 2.478 ± 1.247 seconds respectively. Mean SSR amplitude of hand and foot were 1499 ± 1411 and 939.2 ± 901.07 microVolts respectively. Mean values SSR Latency & Amplitude of persons with T2DM were significantly different from that of normal healthy adult. Keywords: Sympathetic Skin Response, Automonic dysfunction, Diabetes mellitus

Formulation and evaluation of herbal paediatric edible jelly of Breynia vitis-idea for helminthic infections

Aim and Background: This study delves into the exploration of natural anthelmintics to address helminthiasis, a widespread infectious disease caused by parasitic worms. Leveraging the historical use of plants in phytotherapy, the research focuses on the ethanolic extract of leaves of Breynia vitis-idaea for its potential anthelmintic properties. Methodology: The investigation involves phytochemical screening, earthworm bioassays, and the formulation of a child-friendly herbal jelly. Result: The study reveals promising anthelmintic efficacy in ethanolic extract of leaves of Breynia vitis-idaea, particularly at concentrations exceeding 40 mg/mL. The formulated herbal jelly, with Batch F3 exhibiting the desired attributes, offers an appealing solution for parasitic infections in children. The dark green jelly, with a pleasant odor and thick consistency, proves to be a viable alternative to traditional anthelmintic drugs. Conclusion: The study underscores the global shift towards herbal remedies, driven by their natural origin and minimal side effects. In regions with limited access to modern healthcare, the reliance on traditional practitioners and medicinal plants becomes crucial, emphasizing the need to integrate traditional wisdom with scientific validation. As the world faces evolving health challenges, embracing and further exploring the potential of herbal interventions is imperative for resilient and sustainable healthcare systems. The results of this study add to the growing body of evidence that herbal alternatives to conventional anthelmintic drugs are better, especially when it comes to genetic resistance. The study also supports using herbal remedies in healthcare. Keywords: Breynia vitis-idaea, Anthelmintic activity, Helminthiasis, Jelly

Postural changes in blood pressure and heart rate among healthy young adults in a Ghanaian university

Introduction: There are contradictory and inconsistent reports on the effects of different body postures on measured blood pressure and heart rate. This relationship has not been previously tested in the Ghanaian population. Aim of the study: The overall aim of the study was to investigate the effects of different body positions on blood pressure and heart rate among Ghanaian healthy young adults. Methods: Blood pressure and heart rate were measured subsequently in eight different positions on the left arm in the following non-randomized order: (i) sitting with arm flexed at the elbow and supported at the heart level on the chair, (ii) sitting with legs crossed, (iii) standing, (iv) supine, (v) right lateral recumbent, (vi) left lateral recumbent, (vii) prone, an (viii) bent with hands holding knees with face pointing to the ground. The repeated measures for ANOVA were used to compare the means in different positions. Statistically significance was pegged at p-value < 0.05. Results: The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were lowest in the right lateral recumbent position as compared to the other positions whiles the bent position recorded both the highest systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate. Conclusion: The highest mean blood pressure and heart rates are found in the bent position as compared to other body postures. The lowest mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures are found in the right lateral recumbent posture. Keywords: Posture, blood pressure, heart rate, Ghanaian, Adult

Beyond the Surface: The Hidden Struggles of PCOS

ABSTRACT Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) presents more than just physical symptoms; beneath the surface lie hidden struggles that profoundly impact those affected. While irregular periods and hormonal imbalances are recognized, the emotional toll is often overlooked. Elevated androgens can trigger mood disturbances, anxiety, and depression, creating a silent battle within. Fertility challenges add another layer of complexity. Conception difficulties, miscarriages, and fertility treatments expose individuals to a rollercoaster of hope and heartache. PCOS also inflicts a psychological burden, eroding self-esteem due to weight gain and societal beauty standards. Healthcare disparities and cultural stigmatization amplify the struggle, hindering proper diagnosis and treatment access. To address these hidden challenges, a holistic approach is imperative. Healthcare providers must acknowledge the emotional aspects, and awareness campaigns should dispel stigma. Empowering support networks can provide solace, while education fosters better self-care. By uncovering and addressing these concealed battles, we pave the way for comprehensive care, improved well-being, and a deeper understanding of the complex reality that PCOS entails. Keywords: PCOS, fertility, miscarriage, infertility

A need of the hour: pharmacovigilance in healthcare setting – nothing less than safety

Introduction: Pharmacovigilance (PV) is crucial to identify, managing, and reporting adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in the healthcare sector. Young healthcare professionals (HCPs) play an essential role in the PV system. Objective: This study aimed to assess awareness, understand the causes of underreporting, and find solutions to encourage ADR reporting among young HCPs. Methods: This prevalidated, questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, perception, and strategies to improve PV reporting among 152 young HCP interns at a teaching hospital in India. The study was conducted in January 2023 and approved by the ethics committee. The responses were analysed using a Microsoft Excel worksheet. Results In a study of 152 interns, 97.3% agreed that pharmacovigilance (PV) may assist patients, but only 56% had experienced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in practise. Only 40.5% chose email reporting, and 65.8% did not have a nearby ADR Monitoring Centre (AMC). More over half (53%) thought ADRs should only be reported to an AMC. Training sessions were underutilised, with only 28.6% attending PVPI training. The difficulty in identifying the causal substance, as well as a lack of incentives, were important reasons for underreporting. Continuing medical education/workshops were mentioned by 96% of young HCPs as a way to encourage reporting. Conclusion: According to the study, while young HCPs are aware of PV, there is a need for more training and incentives to enhance ADR reporting. Encouragement of National Pharmacovigilance Week and the availability of neighbouring AMCs could further aid raise PV awareness. Keywords: Adverse drug reactions (ADR), PVPI, AMC, CM

Cancer Treatment with Nanoparticles: An overview

One of the greatest global causes of death is cancer. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy are all forms of cancer treatment, but they all have a number of drawbacks, including cytotoxicity, drug resistance, and other restrictions. The surface properties, ideal size, and shape of nanoparticles have revolutionised cancer treatment by enhancing biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and biocompatibility. Additionally, the delivery of bioactive plant-based anticancer medicines such as vinca alkaloids, taxanes, podophyllotoxin, and others has been improved using phytonanotechnology. Novel silver nanoparticles are also used as a delivery mechanism for anticancer medications. In this overview, we'll look at silver nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer disorders, phytonanotechnology, and important uses of nanotechnology. Keywords: Cancer, Conventional chemotherapy, Mechanism, Nanotechnology, Silver nanoparticle

Comparative Study of Immediate and Short Term Effect of 4 Days of Scapular Stabilizing Exercises and Scapular Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation on Scapular Alignment and Functional Task in Patients with Stroke – An Experimental Study

Background: Stroke is the commonest neurological cause of morbidity and mortality all over the world. Alterations in scapular position and motion occur in 68–100% of patients due to changes in the tone of the upper extremity and reduced strength, leading to an altered position of the scapula. Scapular stabilizing exercises and Scapular PNF have been shown to be effective individually in improving scapular control. However, its effect on functional tasks and objective measurement has not been studied. So, the purpose of the study is to compare these two techniques to identify the better technique with respect to objective measurement and its effect on functional tasks. Methodology: An Experimental study was done in a tertiary care hospital on 18 patients according to inclusion criteria and was divided into two groups. Group A Scapular Stabilizing Exercises and Group B Scapular Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation and Intervention were given for four days, and pre and post-assessment were done by Palpation meter (PALM) and Functional tasks  (lifting and lowering the cup). Results: The results showed significant improvement in both techniques, i.e., there is a decrease in the Total Height discrepancy (t = 3.4) (p 0.003) and the time taken for lifting and lowering the cup (t = 2.2) (p 0.04). Conclusion: Scapula Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Exercises are more effective than Scapula Stabilizing Exercises and have a better short-term effect on Scapular Alignment and Functional Tasks in patients with Stroke. Keywords: Stroke, Scapular Alignment, Scapular Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitatio