O RYZYKU. KONCEPCJE ZARZĄDZANIA RYZYKIEM W MUZEUM

Zarządzanie to sytuacja, w której zarządzający – menedżer, korzystając ze swojej wiedzy, podejmuje decyzje dotyczące łączenia posiadanych zasobów tak, aby uzyskać efekt zgodny z oczekiwaniami klienta. Im większa jest jego wiedza o tych oczekiwaniach oraz o warunkach, w jakich przyszło mu podejmować decyzje, tym większa jest szansa na podejmowanie decyzji właściwie służących założonemu celowi.Początki zarządzania ryzykiem i zainteresowania tym zagadnieniem przypadają na lata siedemdziesiąte zeszłego stulecia i łączone są ze Stanami Zjednoczonymi Ameryki. Termin ryzyko jest zazwyczaj rozważany w kategoriach zagrożenia dla funkcjonowania organizacji. Ryzyko nie musi być wyłącznie czystym korelatem strat (tzw. ryzyko  czyste), ale może mieć także spekulatywny, dwuwymiarowy charakter (tzw. ryzyko spekulatywne). Ryzyko czyste dotyczy przedsięwzięć podlegających ubezpieczeniu, zaś działalność, której nie można ubezpieczyć, stanowi domenę ryzyka spekulatywneg

Style tożsamości a rozwój rozumowania moralnego jednostki

Styles of identity and development of moral reasoningThe researchers of moral development more and more frequently pay attention to the fact that for a better understanding of processes of moral development it is necessary to consider this development in the context of personality development, especially in the context of identity development. Erikson emphasized the union between identity and morality. According to his idea, the fifth phase of psychosocial development is closely linked with the identity crisis. During this phase an individual human being adopts a specific ideology and an ethical code. The empirical research pointed the connection existing between achievement of identity, while identity statuses were defined on the basis of Marcia’s theory, and moral reasoning focused on justice (Rowe, Marcia, 1980).Berzonsky (1989, 2001), who suggests alternative idea of identity development, differentiates 3 types of identity: informational, normative and diffuse/avoidant. As he claims, the style of identity represents a particular strategy of problem solving and defines the approach of an individual towards decision making, particularly decisions important to his or her personal identity and the life path. The article presents the results of research which aim is to investigate the relationship between Berzonsky’s styles of identity and the level of socio-moral development

Poczucie zagrożenia jako istotny modyfikator treści poglądu na świat

Feeling be threaten as a modifier of a view of the world View of the world is important expression of self. As a cognitive map it is used by human in process of the orientation in the world: evaluating facts and describing the nature of events. Especially interesting element of the view are beliefs in power determining human’s lot and world’s life: power of nature, fate, God, man, people, good luck, bad luck etc. Concidering the terror management theory, some hypotheses were tested. The main was: during the time, when people feeling be threaten, they modify their view of the world to avoid the anxiety. In the experiment, the film Social badness was presented. Participants who saw it, showed stronger belief in the power of nature, than those one, who saw Social goodness film. There are many points to interpret this result. Probably, participants perceived the badness through theirs ego (hypothesis of the egotic evaluation). That was dangerous process for the self-evaluation. So the solution was to use defense mechanisms (projection, self-serving atributions etc.). Higher belief in the power of the nature was the effect of thinking that the instinct is responsible for noticed badness

FORMY OBECNOŚCI BÓSTW OPIEKUŃCZYCH WOJNY W MILITARNYCH PRZEDSIĘWZIĘCIACH STAROŻYTNEGO ŚWIATA GRECJI I RZYMU

THE PRESENCE OF GUARDIAN WAR-GODS IN THE MILITARY CAMPAIGNS OF ANCIENT GREECE AND ROMEAccording to the beliefs and popular imagination of ancient Greeks and Romans, numerous deities associated with war watched over their communities and interfered in various ways in nearly every phase of military campaigns. Additionally, they provided protection to these communities also once the war was over and assumed the role of witnesses and guarantors of peace treaties. In philosophical terms, the war was closely associated with the world of gods, for it had been sanctioned as the foundation of the world’s existence, in the effect of the cosmogonic process, in which it played the role of a causative force; thus it may be recognized as a necessary element which guarantees the existence of order in the structure of the universe.The numerous Greek and Roman deities not only personify war and its various aspects, but are also attributed with the role of strategists, inventors of the various techniques of conducting war-fare as well as of different elements of armament. According to ancient beliefs, deities represent a wide spectrum of behavioral patterns with respect to military activities – beginning with personal participation in the defense of their own sanctuary, and ending with indirect presence, when they extend their special care and protection to their favorites, that is army commanders

Trudności pierwszego kazania Siddhātthy Gotamy

THE DIFFICULTIES ASSOCIATED WITH BUDDHA’S FIRST SERMONBuddhism means different things to different people: it is regarded as an outlook, faith, (unspecified) direction... etc. Regardless of the above interpretative differences, one may try to evaluate it, and here the issues of truth and consequently that of philosophy, belong to the most important ones. The question concerning coherence and lack of contradiction of both the outlook and the guidelines relating to man’s conduct which are based upon it, may sometimes become an important cause for evaluation of at least the validity of some of the assumptions making up a given view. The verifiability or refutability of a professed view may encourage one to accept it or not, still before one decides to evaluate its authenticity. This relates especially to the most fundamental instructions concerning one’s way of life. For, one should not simply accept the faith of one’s ancestors in the form they professed it; nor should one accept some assumptions, simply because they impress one with their innovatory approach, or else because they seem to reveal some new fragment of reality. In spite of the fact that Gautama’s first sermon, which appears to be most fundamental to Buddhism, was supposed to convince Buddha’s supporters to the “Way of the Middle”, it seems to be full of ambiguities and major difficulties. The sermon does not shed sufficient light on those shortcomings which the new “way” is to remove, nor does it justify their origin. What is more, the author of the sermon does not define precisely enough the newly assigned goals, nor does he justify the effectiveness of the recommended methods of attaining the

RECENZJA

Helen Bee,Psychologia rozwoju człowieka.Wydawnictwo Zysk i S-ka, 2004; ISBN 83-7298-432-