National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics
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ïŒå šæïŒæ¥ç諞èªã®èšè¿°ã»ä¿åç ç©¶III
äŒè°å:什å5幎床第2åã屿©èšèªã®ä¿åãšæ¥ç諞èªã®ãããœãã£ãŒãååç ç©¶çºè¡šäŒ, éå¬å°: åœç«åœèªç ç©¶æïŒãªã³ã©ã€ã³, äŒæ: 2024幎3æ17æ¥, äž»å¬: åœç«åœèªç ç©¶æã屿©èšèªããã€ã³ãããŒã·ã§ã³ãäž¡ãããžã§ã¯ããäŒè°å:什å6幎床第1åã屿©èšèªã®ä¿åãšæ¥ç諞èªã®ãããœãã£ãŒãååç ç©¶çºè¡šäŒ, éå¬å°: åœç«åœèªç ç©¶æïŒãªã³ã©ã€ã³, äŒæ: 2024幎6æ15æ¥, äž»å¬: åœç«åœèªç ç©¶æã屿©èšèªããã€ã³ãããŒã·ã§ã³ãäž¡ãããžã§ã¯ãç·šéïŒå€§å³¶äžãã»ãªãã¯ã»ã±ãã³ãäºååµéœä»ãå±±ç°çå¯application/pdfconference pape
Verb Usage in Essays by Students at the Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Levels: An Analysis of "Key" Story Writings from JASWRIC
ç¥æžå€§åŠKobe Universityæ¬çš¿ã§ã¯ïŒå°åŠæ ¡1幎çïŒG1ïŒãã倧åŠ1幎çïŒG13ïŒãŸã§ã®13åŠå¹Žã®å
ç«¥ã»çåŸã»åŠçãåäžã®ã€ã©ã¹ãã«åºã¥ããŠè¡ã£ãäœæãæåãããå°äžé«å€§çã«ããæ¥æ¬èªçµµæåã¹ããŒãªãŒã©ã€ãã£ã³ã°ã³ãŒãã¹ïŒJASWRICïŒãã®ããŒã¿ãè§£æãïŒåè©äœ¿çšåŸåã®åŠå¹Žå¥å€åãèšéçã«èª¿æ»ããã調æ»ã®çµæïŒïŒ1ïŒG1ãšG13ãæ¯ã¹ããšããŒã¯ã³æ°ã76ïŒ
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±éããŠãããïŒåŠå¹Žé²è¡ã«ã€ããŠè£å©åè©ãè€ååè©çãå€çšãããããã«ãªãããšïŒïŒ3ïŒå
šäœäžäœ20èªã»40èªã«åºã¥ãã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒåæã§ã¯ïŒ»å°åŠæ ¡äœåŠå¹ŽïŒœâå°åŠæ ¡äžé«åŠå¹Žä»¥äžïŒœãããã¯ïŒ»å°åŠæ ¡äœåŠå¹ŽïŒœâïœïŒ»å°åŠæ ¡äžé«åŠå¹ŽïŒœâäžã»é«å€§ïŒœïœãšããæ®µéçå€åãèªããããããšïŒïŒ4ïŒå
šäœäžäœ100èªã«åºã¥ã察å¿åæã§ã¯ïœïŒ»å°åŠæ ¡äœåŠå¹ŽïŒçºè©±ã»ææã»åŸæ¥ç§»åã»ææ
ã瀺ãåè©çïŒïŒœâå°åŠæ ¡äžé«åŠå¹ŽïŒäž1ïŒå身çåè©çïŒïŒœïœâïœïŒ»äž2ïŒäž3ïŒæ©èœèªåè©ã»è€ååè©ã»èªä»ãã¢çïŒïŒœâé«å€§ïŒæ
£çšåè©ã»ç¶æ³è¡šåºåè©çïŒïŒœïœãšããå€åãèŠãããããšçãæããã«ãªã£ããæ¬çš¿ã§åŸãããç¥èŠã¯L1ã®èªåœç¿åŸãå®èšŒçã«è°è«ããåºçºç¹ã«ãªããã®ã§ãããThis study quantitatively investigates the change in verb usage in essays by L1 Japanese students at different school levels and at different school grades. The analysis is based on data from the Japanese Students' L1 Story Writing Corpus (JASWRIC), which contains essays written by students from the first grade of elementary school (G1) to the first year of university (G13). All participants wrote essays based on the same picture prompts. The results are as follows: (1) a comparison of verb frequencies between G1 and G13 showed a 76% increase in token frequency and 24% increase in type frequency, with vocabulary diversity increasing by 18% compared to G12; (2) examination of the sets of the top 20 words by grade showed that more than 70% of the vocabulary was common to G1 and G13, though auxiliary verbs and compound verbs were used more frequently at higher grades; (3) cluster analysis based on the top 20/40 words suggested two verb acquisition patterns: [G1âG2] to [G6âG13] or [G1âG2] to {[G3âG6] to [G7âG13]}; and (4) correspondence analysis based on the top 100 words suggested the following pattern in the combinations of words and grades: {[G1âG2: verbs related to speech, possession, movement, and emotion)] â [G3âG7: verbs with passive meanings]} â {[G8âG9: functional ad compound verbs, and a set of transitive/intransitive verbs] â [G10âG13: idiomatically used verbs and verbs describing physical/mental situations]}. The findings of this study provide a starting point for a new empirical discussion of L1 vocabulary acquisition.application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape
Real-time Approach to Loanword Diffusion in Japanese: Implications of Recent Large-scale Data
ç«åœé€šå€§åŠRitsumeikan Universityæ¬çš¿ã®ç®çã¯ïŒå€æ¥èªã®äœ¿çšæèã«é¢ããå
šåœèŠæš¡ã®ããŒã¿ãå©çšããŠïŒå€æ¥èªåã®è€éãªããã»ã¹ã宿éçåæã«ããæããã«ããããšã§ãããèšèªå€åã®æç¡ãé床ã¯ïŒèŠããæéïŒäžä»£å·®ïŒãçšããææ³ã«ããããçšåºŠäºæž¬ããããšãå¯èœã§ãããïŒé¶Žå²¡èª¿æ»ã岡åŽèª¿æ»ãšãã£ãæ¥æ¬èªã®ä»£è¡šçãªå®æé調æ»ã®çµæããïŒèŠããæéãçšããäºæž¬ãæ£ç¢ºãšã¯éããªãããšããã°ãã°ææãããŠããããããïŒæ¬çš¿ã§æ±ããããªå€æ¥èªåã«é¢ããç ç©¶ã«ãããŠã¯ïŒèŠããæéãå©çšããäºæž¬ãäžå¿ã§ããïŒå®æéã«åºã¥ãçµå¹Žåæã¯ã»ãšãã©è¡ãããŠããªããããã§ïŒæ¬çš¿ã§ã¯ïŒ2000幎代以éã®ç°ãªã2ã€ã®ææã«åéãããå
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ãæãã宿éããŒã¿ã«ããã°ïŒç¬¬1ã«ïŒèŠããæéäžã®å€åãèšèªå€åïŒå€æ¥èªåïŒã«ç¹ãã£ãŠããªãèªãïŒèŠããæéã«ããäºæž¬ãããå€åãéãé²ãã§ããèªãå°ãªããªãã£ãã第2ã«ïŒå€æ¥èªåãé²è¡ããŠããéçšã§å€åãçœåŒããå¹Žéœ¢å±€ãæ§ãå€åãããããšïŒå€æ¥èªåãåãªãã©ã€ãã¹ããŒãžïŒå¹Žéœ¢ïŒã®å·®ãšãããããæä»£ïŒã³ãŠããŒãïŒã®å·®ã«ãã£ãŠèª¬æãããã¹ãå Žåãããããšã瀺åããããŒã¿ãåŸããããæåŸã«ïŒ2023幎ã«è¡ãããææ°ã®èª¿æ»çµæããïŒå€æ¥èªåã«é¢ãã宿éç ç©¶ã®ä»åŸã®å±æãšããŠïŒã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã«å¿ãã䜿çšå®æ
ãææ¡ããããšã®éèŠæ§ã«ã€ããŠãè«ãããThis study adopted a real-time approach to observe the complex process of loanword diffusion based on nationwide large-scale data. As the concept of "change over apparent time" helps us predict the presence and rate of ongoing language change, studies of loanword diffusion have been based more on apparent-time approaches than on real-time approaches. However, previous realtime studies of Japanese local communities have shown that apparent-time approaches may not necessarily yield accurate predictions. Accordingly, the current study examined the diffusion of seven loanwords in real time based on surveys conducted at two different points in time, in the 2000s and later. Informants' self-reports collected at an interval of approximately 20 years demonstrated that change over apparent time does not always lead to a diachronic change, that is, loanword diffusion, and that the change may progress at a rate faster than predicted from an apparent-time analysis. Second, the present empirical data suggest that significant influencing social factors (e.g., age and gender) are not constant over the whole process of loanword diffusion and that loanword diffusion can be better explained by the concept of the cohort as a parameter of the speakers' critical period than by that of age as a parameter of their life stage. Finally, the results of a survey conducted in 2023 highlight the importance of investigating stylistic effects on loanword diffusion in the future.application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape
Okayama Dialect Discourse Data : Okayama City Narrative Data (version published in January 2025)
æ¬ããŒã¿ã¯ãæååºã1977 幎床ã1985 幎床ã«è¡ãªã£ããåå°æ¹èšåéç·æ¥èª¿æ»ãã§åé²ããæ¹èšè«è©±ããŒã¿ã®äžéšã§ãããapplication/zipåœç«åœèªç ç©¶æåœç«åœèªç ç©¶æçç«åºå³¶å€§åŠNational Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsNational Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsPrefectural University of HiroshimaThis data is part of the dialect discourse data collected by the Agency of Cultural Affairs' 1977-1985 research on the languages/dialects in Japan.20H00015datase
Methods for Collecting Stable Data on Impression Evaluations of Japanese Learners' Writings
åœç«åœèªç ç©¶æ ç ç©¶ç³»çç倧åŠResearch Department, NINJALRyukyu Universityæ¬çš¿ã§ã¯ïŒæ¥æ¬èªåŠç¿è
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æ°ãæžãããŠãããçšåºŠã®ä¿¡é Œæ§ã確ä¿ããããšãå¯èœã§ãããThis study explores stable data collection methods for including impression evaluation data in the longitudinal corpus of Japanese learners' writings, "W-CoLeJa". In the pilot survey, 12 native Japanese speakers evaluated 42 writings, and the results were analyzed using correlation analysis and generalizability theory (G theory), yielding three findings. First, by using a medium level of writing as a benchmark, the deviation in the evaluation scale among raters could be reduced, enabling the collection of relatively stable data. Second, improvements to the collection method include changing the overall rating from a fine-grained 50-point scale to a coarser one, such as a 10-point scale, reducing the number of writings evaluated all at one time, and replacing technical terms such as "cohesion" in the explanations with simpler words. Third, regarding the number of raters, the results of a decision study (D study) based on G theory suggest that even if the number of raters is reduced in future surveys, maintaining a certain level of reliability with the current 11 evaluation items is possible.application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape
Dictionary of Ikema, a variety of Miyako Ryukyuan
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Corpus-based Study on Language Variation: Exploring Language-external Factors
ã¢ããã·ã¥å€§åŠMonash Universityæ¬çš¿ã§ã¯ïŒç°ãªãç¹åŸŽãæã€ã³ãŒãã¹éã®æ¯èŒãšã³ãŒãã¹ã§å©çšå¯èœãªå Žé¢ã話è
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å ±ãæŽ»çšããããšã§ïŒããªãšãŒã·ã§ã³çŸè±¡ã«ãããèšèªåœ¢åŒã®éžæã«é¢ããèšèªå€çèŠå ã«ã€ããŠã©ã®ãããªåŽé¢ããåæå¯èœãæ¢çŽ¢çã«èå¯ããã3çš®é¡ã®ããªãšãŒã·ã§ã³ãåæããçµæïŒïŒiïŒã³ãŒãã¹éã®æ¯èŒãšçŸä»£æ¥æ¬èªæžãèšèåè¡¡ã³ãŒãã¹ïŒBCCWJïŒã®ãžã£ã³ã«éã®æ¯èŒã«ããæžãèšèãšè©±ãèšèã®å·®ç°ïŒïŒiiïŒå¹Žéœ¢ãŸãã¯ç幎æ
å ±ãçšããèšèªå€åããã³å¹Žéœ¢å·®ïŒage-gradingïŒïŒïŒiiiïŒæ¥æ¬èªè©±ãèšèã³ãŒãã¹ïŒCSJïŒã®æ¹ãŸãåºŠãšæ¥æ¬èªæ¥åžžäŒè©±ã³ãŒãã¹ïŒCEJCïŒã®çºè©±å Žé¢ãå©çšãããã©ãŒããªãã£ïŒïŒivïŒæ§å·®ïŒã«ã€ããŠåæã§ããå¯èœæ§ã瀺ããããŸãïŒCEJCã®äŒè©±ã®é²ç»æ åã®åæããïŒã³ãŒãã¹ãæã€ç¹æ§ã掻ãããå€è§çãªç ç©¶ã®å¯èœæ§ã«ã€ããŠãèšåãããThis article explores how the effects of extra-linguistic factors on the choice of linguistic forms in variation phenomena can be analyzed by comparing corpora with different characteristics and utilizing the information about contexts and speakers (or authors) they contain. Analyzing three variation phenomena, this article demonstrates the potential of such analysis in the following respects: (i) written vs. spoken language by comparing the corpora and genre differences within the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese (BCCWJ); (ii) language change and agegrading using age or year of birth information; (iii) formality using the Corpus of Spontaneous Japanese (CSJ) and the conversational situations in the Corpus of Everyday Japanese Conversations (CEJC); and (iv) gender differences. In addition, it highlights the potential of analyses using video recordings of conversations in the CEJC.application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape
The Role of Vowel Devoicing in the Perception of Standard and Local Japanese: A Comparison among Tohoku, Kanto, and Kinki Listeners
åœéæé€å€§åŠAkita International Universityæ¬çš¿ã¯ïŒå
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èªã£ãœãã®å€å®ã¯ïŒæ±åã»é¢æ±å°æ¹ãšè¿ç¿å°æ¹ã®çµæãç°ãªãïŒæ±åã»é¢æ±å°æ¹ã®èŽè
ã¯ïŒãã£ã±ãç¡å£°åæ¯é³ãæãããã«ããŠå€å®ããã®ã«å¯ŸããŠïŒè¿ç¿å°æ¹ã®èŽè
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èªã£ãœããšå€å®ãããæ¯é³é·ã®åœ±é¿åã¯çžå¯Ÿçã«å°ããã£ããè¿ç¿å°æ¹ã®äººã¯ïŒå
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èªã®å€å®ã®ã©ã¡ãã«ãç¡å£°åã®æç¡ãæå¹ãªæããããšããŠããïŒçæã®ã¿ãªããïŒç¥èŠã«ãããŠãæ¯é³ã®ç¡å£°åãæå³çã«äœ¿ãåããŠããããšãæããã«ãªã£ããThis study explores how Japanese people from different regions perceive standard and local Japanese in terms of accent, vowel devoicing, and vowel duration. A special focus is on vowel devoicing. Previous studies have shown that native speakers from the Kinki region recognize the difference between devoiced and voiced vowels and adjust their usage based on standard and local language contexts. The present study examined whether this recognition and usage of devoiced and voiced vowels in production are also reflected in perception. A total of 23 native listeners from the Tohoku, Kanto, and Kinki regions participated in three test sessions (one discrimination test and two identification tests) using synthesized stimuli.
The results showed that all participants frequently identified stimuli with a devoiced vowel as standard Japanese, suggesting that vowel devoicing is a crucial cue for identifying standard Japanese. For local Japanese, the results for Kinki listeners differed from those for Tohoku and Kanto listeners. While Tohoku and Kanto listeners relied exclusively on vowel devoicing to identify stimuli as local Japanese, Kinki listeners relied equally on accent and vowel devoicing. They judged stimuli with a local accent and stimuli with a voiced vowel as local Japanese. Vowel duration had only a limited effect.
The findings for Kinki listeners clearly demonstrate that they distinguish between devoiced and voiced vowels, which leads to the conclusion that people of the Kinki region utilize vowel devoicing in perception as they do in production.application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape
A Chinese Student's Adjustment Behaviors and the Process of Japanese Language Acquisition During Online Conversation Sessions: The Use of Participation Adjustment Strategies
æ±äº¬å€åœèªå€§åŠTokyo University of Foreign Studiesãªã³ã©ã€ã³æ¥äžäº€æµäŒãéããŠïŒæ¥æ¬èªåçŽååã®äžåœäººåŠçãæ¥æ¬äººåŠçãšäŒè©±ãéããäžã§ïŒã©ã®ãããªèª¿æŽè¡åãè¡ãïŒæ¥æ¬èªãç¿åŸããŠãã£ãã®ãã«ã€ããŠïŒäŒè©±äŸãããšã«åæãè¡ã£ããåæã®çµæïŒäº€æµäŒã®äŒè©±ã«ç¹°ãè¿ãåå ããããšã§ïŒäžåœäººåŠçãååã®äŒè©±äžã®åé¡ãèžãŸããŠïŒäºåã»äºäžã»äºåŸèª¿æŽã®åå 調æŽã¹ãã©ããžãŒãçšãïŒåãéããããšã«æ¥æ¬èªã®çºé³ãèªåœã»ææ³ã®ç¿åŸãä¿é²ãããŠããæ§åãèŠããããããããïŒæ¥æ¬èªææ¥ã§ç¿ã£ãããšã亀æµäŒçã«ãããŠç¹°ãè¿ãå®éã«äœ¿ã£ãŠã¿ãæ©äŒãèšããããšã®æå¹æ§ãææããã
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èŠã§ããç¹ãææãããBased on conversational data, the author examined how a Chinese student of Japanese whose language ability was at the novice level adjusted his behaviors and acquired knowledge of Japanese by participating in online conversations with Japanese students. This study found that the student used adjustment strategies before, during, and after problems in communication occurred in conversation sessions. These strategies were based on problems encountered in previous conversations and were implemented through repeated participation. The student effectively improved his Japanese pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar during the sessions by practicing with conversation activities. This highlights the benefits of giving students the chance to practice what they have learned in class.
It should be noted, however, that there were also situations in which the student encountered problems with grammar, speech styles, and pronunciation of the names of certain places, but continued to use the same participation adjustment strategies without improvement even after repeated conversations. Moreover, other issues were observed, such as semantic reduction and avoidance of entire topics, hindering the enrichment of the content of the student's speech. It has been pointed out that when learners are unable to make adjustments to deal with these issues independently, it is necessary for their conversation partners or teachers to assist them in making adjustments.application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape
Expansion of the Use of sÅ nan desu ne and How It Differs from sÅ desu ka
é§æ²¢å¥³å倧åŠKomazawa Women's Universityçè§£ãããããããã¥ã¡ãšããŠã¯ïŒçŸåšã«ããããŸã§ãããã§ããããäžè¬çã«äœ¿çšãããŠãããïŒ2000幎代ããããããªãã§ãããã®äœ¿çšãåºããããã«ãªã£ããæ¬çš¿ã§ã¯ããããªãã§ãããã®äœ¿çšã®æ¡å€§ã«ã€ããŠïŒ2000幎以åŸã®äŒè©±è³æã察象ãšããã³ãŒãã¹ã調æ»ãïŒç¹ã«ãæ¥æ¬èªæ¥åžžäŒè©±ã³ãŒãã¹ãã«ãã£ãŠïŒ2010幎代åŸå以éã«ã¯ïŒæ§å·®ã»å¹Žä»£ãåããïŒäžè¬çã«äœ¿çšãããããã«ãªã£ãããšãæããã«ããããŸãïŒå
è¡ç ç©¶ã§ã¯ããããªãã§ããããçè§£ã®ããã¥ã¡ãšããŠäœ¿çšããããšã¯äžèªç¶ã§ããããšãææãããŠãããïŒããã«ãããããããã®åœ¢åŒã®ããã¥ã¡ã®äœ¿çšãåºãã£ãã®ã¯ïŒå©è©ããããå¿é¿ããæèã圱é¿ãïŒãããã䜿çšããªãããã«ã¯ïŒãããã§ãã系統ã®åœ¢åŒãç¶æã§ããªãã£ãããã§ããããšã瀺ãããããã«ïŒåŸæ¥ã®ãããã§ããããçåœã«å¯Ÿãã倿ã衚æããªããã®ã§ããã®ã«å¯ŸãïŒããããªãã§ãããã¯ïŒçžæã®çºè©±å
容ã«ã€ããŠïŒçžæã«å¿µæŒããïŒèªååŽã®ç¥èãšããŠçãšå€æãçè§£ã衚æãããã®ã§ããããšãïŒããããã®æå³ã®èгç¹ããè«ãããAmong aizuchi that express understanding, sÅ desu ka has long been in common use until the present day. However, the use of sÅ nan desu ne began to spread in the 2000s. This study examined the expansion of the use of sÅ nan desu ne in corpora of conversational materials after 2000, especially in the Corpus of Everyday Japanese Conversation, finding that sÅ nan desu ne has been commonly used regardless of gender and age since the late 2010s. Previous studies have noted that the use of sÅ nan desu ne as an aizuchi of understanding is unnatural; nevertheless, its use spread as a means of avoiding the particle ka and the impossibility of maintaining the form of sÅ desu without using that particle. Furthermore, from the perspective of the meaning of noda, it is argued that while the conventional sÅ desu ka does not express a judgment of truth or falsehood, sÅ nan desu ne reminds the interlocutor of the content of their own utterance and expresses understanding by judging it as true based on the speaker's knowledge.application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape