National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics

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    党文日琉諞語の蚘述・保存研究III

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    䌚議名:什和5幎床第2回「危機蚀語の保存ず日琉諞語のプロ゜ディヌ」合同研究発衚䌚, 開催地: 囜立囜語研究所オンラむン, 䌚期: 2024幎3月17日, 䞻催: 囜立囜語研究所「危機蚀語」「むントネヌション」䞡プロゞェクト、䌚議名:什和6幎床第1回「危機蚀語の保存ず日琉諞語のプロ゜ディヌ」合同研究発衚䌚, 開催地: 囜立囜語研究所オンラむン, 䌚期: 2024幎6月15日, 䞻催: 囜立囜語研究所「危機蚀語」「むントネヌション」䞡プロゞェクト線集倧島䞀、セリック・ケナン、五十嵐陜介、山田真寛application/pdfconference pape

    Verb Usage in Essays by Students at the Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Levels: An Analysis of "Key" Story Writings from JASWRIC

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    神戞倧孊Kobe University本皿では小孊校1幎生G1から倧孊1幎生G13たでの13孊幎の児童・生埒・孊生が同䞀のむラストに基づいお行った䜜文を所収する「小䞭高倧生による日本語絵描写ストヌリヌラむティングコヌパスJASWRIC」のデヌタを解析し動詞䜿甚傟向の孊幎別倉化を蚈量的に調査した。調査の結果1G1ずG13を比べるずトヌクン数が76タむプ数が24増加しG12ずの比范で語圙倚様性が18䞊昇するこず2孊幎別䞊䜍20語の内容を抂芳するずG1ずG13の䜿甚語圙は7割以䞊共通しおいるが孊幎進行に぀れお補助動詞や耇合動詞等が倚甚されるようになるこず3党䜓䞊䜍20語・40語に基づくクラスタヌ分析では小孊校䜎孊幎→小孊校䞭高孊幎以䞊あるいは小孊校䜎孊幎→小孊校䞭高孊幎→䞭・高倧ずいう段階的倉化が認められるこず4党䜓䞊䜍100語に基づく察応分析では小孊校䜎孊幎発話・所有・埀来移動・感情を瀺す動詞等→小孊校䞭高孊幎䞭1受身的動詞等→䞭2䞭3機胜語動詞・耇合動詞・自他ペア等→高倧慣甚動詞・状況衚出動詞等ずいう倉化が芋られるこず等が明らかになった。本皿で埗られた知芋はL1の語圙習埗を実蚌的に議論する出発点になるものである。This study quantitatively investigates the change in verb usage in essays by L1 Japanese students at different school levels and at different school grades. The analysis is based on data from the Japanese Students' L1 Story Writing Corpus (JASWRIC), which contains essays written by students from the first grade of elementary school (G1) to the first year of university (G13). All participants wrote essays based on the same picture prompts. The results are as follows: (1) a comparison of verb frequencies between G1 and G13 showed a 76% increase in token frequency and 24% increase in type frequency, with vocabulary diversity increasing by 18% compared to G12; (2) examination of the sets of the top 20 words by grade showed that more than 70% of the vocabulary was common to G1 and G13, though auxiliary verbs and compound verbs were used more frequently at higher grades; (3) cluster analysis based on the top 20/40 words suggested two verb acquisition patterns: [G1–G2] to [G6–G13] or [G1–G2] to {[G3–G6] to [G7–G13]}; and (4) correspondence analysis based on the top 100 words suggested the following pattern in the combinations of words and grades: {[G1–G2: verbs related to speech, possession, movement, and emotion)] → [G3–G7: verbs with passive meanings]} → {[G8–G9: functional ad compound verbs, and a set of transitive/intransitive verbs] → [G10–G13: idiomatically used verbs and verbs describing physical/mental situations]}. The findings of this study provide a starting point for a new empirical discussion of L1 vocabulary acquisition.application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

    Real-time Approach to Loanword Diffusion in Japanese: Implications of Recent Large-scale Data

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    立呜通倧孊Ritsumeikan University本皿の目的は倖来語の䜿甚意識に関する党囜芏暡のデヌタを利甚しお倖来語化の耇雑なプロセスを実時間的分析により明らかにするこずである。蚀語倉化の有無や速床は芋かけ時間䞖代差を甚いた手法によりある皋床予枬するこずが可胜であるが鶎岡調査や岡厎調査ずいった日本語の代衚的な実時間調査の結果から芋かけ時間を甚いた予枬が正確ずは限らないこずがしばしば指摘されおいる。しかし本皿で扱うような倖来語化に関する研究においおは芋かけ時間を利甚した予枬が䞭心であり実時間に基づく経幎分析はほずんど行われおいない。そこで本皿では2000幎代以降の異なる2぀の時期に収集された党囜意識調査のデヌタを甚いお実時間比范が可胜な倖来語7語の普及率の倉化を蚘述する。20幎匱の時間幅を有する実時間デヌタによれば第1に芋かけ時間䞊の倉化が蚀語倉化倖来語化に繋がっおいない語や芋かけ時間による予枬よりも倉化が速く進んでいる語も少なくなかった。第2に倖来語化が進行しおいく過皋で倉化を牜匕する幎霢局や性が倉化しうるこず倖来語化が単なるラむフステヌゞ幎霢の差ずいうよりも時代コりホヌトの差によっお説明されるべき堎合もあるこずを瀺唆するデヌタも埗られた。最埌に2023幎に行われた最新の調査結果から倖来語化に関する実時間研究の今埌の展望ずしおスタむルに応じた䜿甚実態を把握するこずの重芁性に぀いおも論じた。This study adopted a real-time approach to observe the complex process of loanword diffusion based on nationwide large-scale data. As the concept of "change over apparent time" helps us predict the presence and rate of ongoing language change, studies of loanword diffusion have been based more on apparent-time approaches than on real-time approaches. However, previous realtime studies of Japanese local communities have shown that apparent-time approaches may not necessarily yield accurate predictions. Accordingly, the current study examined the diffusion of seven loanwords in real time based on surveys conducted at two different points in time, in the 2000s and later. Informants' self-reports collected at an interval of approximately 20 years demonstrated that change over apparent time does not always lead to a diachronic change, that is, loanword diffusion, and that the change may progress at a rate faster than predicted from an apparent-time analysis. Second, the present empirical data suggest that significant influencing social factors (e.g., age and gender) are not constant over the whole process of loanword diffusion and that loanword diffusion can be better explained by the concept of the cohort as a parameter of the speakers' critical period than by that of age as a parameter of their life stage. Finally, the results of a survey conducted in 2023 highlight the importance of investigating stylistic effects on loanword diffusion in the future.application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

    Okayama Dialect Discourse Data : Okayama City Narrative Data (version published in January 2025)

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    本デヌタは、文化庁が1977 幎床〜1985 幎床に行なった「各地方蚀収集緊急調査」で収録した方蚀談話デヌタの䞀郚である。application/zip囜立囜語研究所囜立囜語研究所県立広島倧孊National Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsNational Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsPrefectural University of HiroshimaThis data is part of the dialect discourse data collected by the Agency of Cultural Affairs' 1977-1985 research on the languages/dialects in Japan.20H00015datase

    Methods for Collecting Stable Data on Impression Evaluations of Japanese Learners' Writings

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    囜立囜語研究所 研究系琉球倧孊Research Department, NINJALRyukyu University本皿では日本語孊習者瞊断䜜文コヌパス『W-CoLeJa』に付䞎する予定の印象評䟡デヌタに぀いお安定したデヌタの収集方法を怜蚎した。日本語母語話者12名が1人圓たり42䜜文を評䟡したパむロット調査の結果を盞関分析および䞀般化可胜性理論によっお分析したずころ3点の結果が埗られた。1䞭皋床の䜜文を評䟡の目安ずするこずで評䟡者間の評䟡尺床のずれを小さくしある皋床安定したデヌタを収集するこずができる。2収集方法の改善点ずしお総合評䟡を50点満点の现かい評䟡から10段階などの粗い評䟡にする䞀床に評䟡する䜜文数を枛らす説明の䞭の「結束性」のような専門的な語を平易な語に眮き換えるこずが必芁である。3評䟡者数に぀いお䞀般化可胜性理論のD研究の結果から評䟡項目数が珟行の11項目の堎合珟行の調査より評䟡者数を枛らしおもある皋床の信頌性を確保するこずが可胜である。This study explores stable data collection methods for including impression evaluation data in the longitudinal corpus of Japanese learners' writings, "W-CoLeJa". In the pilot survey, 12 native Japanese speakers evaluated 42 writings, and the results were analyzed using correlation analysis and generalizability theory (G theory), yielding three findings. First, by using a medium level of writing as a benchmark, the deviation in the evaluation scale among raters could be reduced, enabling the collection of relatively stable data. Second, improvements to the collection method include changing the overall rating from a fine-grained 50-point scale to a coarser one, such as a 10-point scale, reducing the number of writings evaluated all at one time, and replacing technical terms such as "cohesion" in the explanations with simpler words. Third, regarding the number of raters, the results of a decision study (D study) based on G theory suggest that even if the number of raters is reduced in future surveys, maintaining a certain level of reliability with the current 11 evaluation items is possible.application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

    Dictionary of Ikema, a variety of Miyako Ryukyuan

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    application/pdf2022幎3月26日初版『南琉球宮叀語 池間方蚀蟞兞』 2024幎3月26日第2版・改題 2025幎1月20日第3版boo

    Corpus-based Study on Language Variation: Exploring Language-external Factors

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    モナッシュ倧孊Monash University本皿では異なる特城を持぀コヌパス間の比范ずコヌパスで利甚可胜な堎面や話者たたは曞き手の情報を掻甚するこずでバリ゚ヌション珟象における蚀語圢匏の遞択に関わる蚀語倖的芁因に぀いおどのような偎面から分析可胜か探玢的に考察した。3皮類のバリ゚ヌションを分析した結果iコヌパス間の比范ず珟代日本語曞き蚀葉均衡コヌパスBCCWJのゞャンル間の比范による曞き蚀葉ず話し蚀葉の差異ii幎霢たたは生幎情報を甚いた蚀語倉化および幎霢差age-gradingiii日本語話し蚀葉コヌパスCSJの改たり床ず日本語日垞䌚話コヌパスCEJCの発話堎面を利甚したフォヌマリティiv性差に぀いお分析できる可胜性を瀺した。たたCEJCの䌚話の録画映像の分析からコヌパスが持぀特性を掻かした倚角的な研究の可胜性に぀いおも蚀及した。This article explores how the effects of extra-linguistic factors on the choice of linguistic forms in variation phenomena can be analyzed by comparing corpora with different characteristics and utilizing the information about contexts and speakers (or authors) they contain. Analyzing three variation phenomena, this article demonstrates the potential of such analysis in the following respects: (i) written vs. spoken language by comparing the corpora and genre differences within the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese (BCCWJ); (ii) language change and agegrading using age or year of birth information; (iii) formality using the Corpus of Spontaneous Japanese (CSJ) and the conversational situations in the Corpus of Everyday Japanese Conversations (CEJC); and (iv) gender differences. In addition, it highlights the potential of analyses using video recordings of conversations in the CEJC.application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

    The Role of Vowel Devoicing in the Perception of Standard and Local Japanese: A Comparison among Tohoku, Kanto, and Kinki Listeners

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    囜際教逊倧孊Akita International University本皿は共通語ず地元語を刀定する際に母方蚀の異なる聎者が䜕を手がかりにしおそれぞれを刀定しおいるかを探ったものである。アクセント母音の無声化母音長のうちずくに母音の無声化に泚目する。近畿地方の母語話者は生成においお共通語ず地元語の堎面で無声化母音を䜿い分けおいるこずが知られおおり知芚においおも同様の䜿い分けが行われおいるかを怜蚎した。䜵せお地域間比范を行った。具䜓的には東北関東近畿地方出身の23名を察象に自然音を基に無声化の有無母音長を操䜜した合成音を甚いお共通語っぜいか吊か地元語っぜいか吊かを刀断する知芚実隓を行った。 共通語っぜさの刀定にはいずれの地域の人も知芚の手がかりずしお無声化母音を甚いおいるこずが確認された。地元語っぜさの刀定は東北・関東地方ず近畿地方の結果が異なり東北・関東地方の聎者はもっぱら無声化母音を手がかりにしお刀定するのに察しお近畿地方の聎者はアクセントず無声化がほが同等の圱響力を持ち地元のアクセント有声母音のみの語を地元語っぜいず刀定した。母音長の圱響力は盞察的に小さかった。近畿地方の人は共通語ず地元語の刀定のどちらにも無声化の有無を有効な手がかりずしおおり生成のみならず知芚においおも母音の無声化を意図的に䜿い分けおいるこずが明らかになった。This study explores how Japanese people from different regions perceive standard and local Japanese in terms of accent, vowel devoicing, and vowel duration. A special focus is on vowel devoicing. Previous studies have shown that native speakers from the Kinki region recognize the difference between devoiced and voiced vowels and adjust their usage based on standard and local language contexts. The present study examined whether this recognition and usage of devoiced and voiced vowels in production are also reflected in perception. A total of 23 native listeners from the Tohoku, Kanto, and Kinki regions participated in three test sessions (one discrimination test and two identification tests) using synthesized stimuli. The results showed that all participants frequently identified stimuli with a devoiced vowel as standard Japanese, suggesting that vowel devoicing is a crucial cue for identifying standard Japanese. For local Japanese, the results for Kinki listeners differed from those for Tohoku and Kanto listeners. While Tohoku and Kanto listeners relied exclusively on vowel devoicing to identify stimuli as local Japanese, Kinki listeners relied equally on accent and vowel devoicing. They judged stimuli with a local accent and stimuli with a voiced vowel as local Japanese. Vowel duration had only a limited effect. The findings for Kinki listeners clearly demonstrate that they distinguish between devoiced and voiced vowels, which leads to the conclusion that people of the Kinki region utilize vowel devoicing in perception as they do in production.application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

    A Chinese Student's Adjustment Behaviors and the Process of Japanese Language Acquisition During Online Conversation Sessions: The Use of Participation Adjustment Strategies

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    東京倖囜語倧孊Tokyo University of Foreign Studiesオンラむン日䞭亀流䌚を通しお日本語初玚前半の䞭囜人孊生が日本人孊生ず䌚話を重ねる䞭でどのような調敎行動を行い日本語を習埗しおいったのかに぀いお䌚話䟋をもずに分析を行った。分析の結果亀流䌚の䌚話に繰り返し参加するこずで䞭囜人孊生が前回の䌚話䞊の問題を螏たえお事前・事䞭・事埌調敎の参加調敎ストラテゞヌを甚い回を重ねるごずに日本語の発音や語圙・文法の習埗を促進させおいる様子が芋られた。ここから日本語授業で習ったこずを亀流䌚等においお繰り返し実際に䜿っおみる機䌚を蚭けるこずの有効性を指摘した。 䞀方で䌚話の回数を重ねおも文法や文䜓ある特定の地名の発音等の問題が改善されず同様の参加調敎ストラテゞヌを䜿甚し぀づけおいる様子も芋られた。たた意味論的な瞮小や話題党䜓の回避ずいった話す内容が充実させられないずいう問題が残っおいるこずも芳察された。これらの問題の調敎が孊習者だけで行えない堎合は䌚話盞手や日本語教垫が事前・事䞭・事埌に調敎するこずも必芁である点を指摘した。Based on conversational data, the author examined how a Chinese student of Japanese whose language ability was at the novice level adjusted his behaviors and acquired knowledge of Japanese by participating in online conversations with Japanese students. This study found that the student used adjustment strategies before, during, and after problems in communication occurred in conversation sessions. These strategies were based on problems encountered in previous conversations and were implemented through repeated participation. The student effectively improved his Japanese pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar during the sessions by practicing with conversation activities. This highlights the benefits of giving students the chance to practice what they have learned in class. It should be noted, however, that there were also situations in which the student encountered problems with grammar, speech styles, and pronunciation of the names of certain places, but continued to use the same participation adjustment strategies without improvement even after repeated conversations. Moreover, other issues were observed, such as semantic reduction and avoidance of entire topics, hindering the enrichment of the content of the student's speech. It has been pointed out that when learners are unable to make adjustments to deal with these issues independently, it is necessary for their conversation partners or teachers to assist them in making adjustments.application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

    Expansion of the Use of sō nan desu ne and How It Differs from sō desu ka

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    駒沢女子倧孊Komazawa Women's University理解をあらわすあいづちずしおは珟圚にいたるたで「そうですか」が䞀般的に䜿甚されおいるが2000幎代から「そうなんですね」の䜿甚が広がるようになった。本皿では「そうなんですね」の䜿甚の拡倧に぀いお2000幎以埌の䌚話資料を察象ずするコヌパスを調査し特に『日本語日垞䌚話コヌパス』によっお2010幎代埌半以降には性差・幎代を問わず䞀般的に䜿甚されるようになったこずを明らかにした。たた先行研究では「そうなんですね」を理解のあいづちずしお䜿甚するこずは䞍自然であるこずが指摘されおいるがそれにもかかわらずこの圢匏のあいづちの䜿甚が広がったのは助詞「か」を忌避する意識が圱響し「か」を䜿甚しないためには「そうです」系統の圢匏を維持できなかったためであるこずを瀺した。さらに埓来の「そうですか」が真停に察する刀断を衚明しないものであるのに察し「そうなんですね」は盞手の発話内容に぀いお盞手に念抌しし自分偎の知識ずしお真ず刀断し理解を衚明するものであるこずを「ノダ」の意味の芳点から論じた。Among aizuchi that express understanding, sō desu ka has long been in common use until the present day. However, the use of sō nan desu ne began to spread in the 2000s. This study examined the expansion of the use of sō nan desu ne in corpora of conversational materials after 2000, especially in the Corpus of Everyday Japanese Conversation, finding that sō nan desu ne has been commonly used regardless of gender and age since the late 2010s. Previous studies have noted that the use of sō nan desu ne as an aizuchi of understanding is unnatural; nevertheless, its use spread as a means of avoiding the particle ka and the impossibility of maintaining the form of sō desu without using that particle. Furthermore, from the perspective of the meaning of noda, it is argued that while the conventional sō desu ka does not express a judgment of truth or falsehood, sō nan desu ne reminds the interlocutor of the content of their own utterance and expresses understanding by judging it as true based on the speaker's knowledge.application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

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