Teaching about magnetic materials - A pedagogical dilemma

Although magnetic materials had been studied for over 2000 years, it was not until the development of quantum mechanics in the early years of the 20th century that any satisfactory explanation of their properties could be provided. This paper outlines some of the difficulties that this fact presents for teachers attempting to explain permanent magnetism to learners at different levels who do not have a background in quantum physics. The authors suggest how a consistent and physically correct approach may be achieved

Diagnostic reference levels of radiographic and CT examinations in Jordan: A systematic review

A comprehensive search was performed to examine the literature on diagnostic reference levels (DRL) for computed tomography (CT) and radiography examinations that are performed routinely in Jordan. EBSCO, Scopus, and Web of Science were used for the search. The acronym “DRL” and the additional phrase “dose reference levels” were used to search for articles in literature. Seven papers that reported DRL values for radiography and CT scans in Jordan were identified. One study reported DRLs for conventional radiography, two studies reported CT DRLs in pediatrics, and the remaining four studies provided DRL values for adult CT scans. The most popular techniques for determining the DRLs were the entrance surface dose, volume CT dose index (CTDIvol), and dose-length product (DLP) values. Variations in Jordanian DRL values were noted across both modalities. Lower radiation doses and less variation in DRL values may be achieved by educating and training radiographers to better understand dose reduction strategies. To limit dose variance and enable dosage comparison, CT DRLs must be standardized in accordance with the guidelines of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)

Ireland's Climate Change Assessment Volume 4: Realising the benefits of transition and transformation. Summary for policymakers

Ireland’s Climate Change Assessment (ICCA) delivers a comprehensive, Ireland-focused, state of scientific knowledge report on our understanding of climate change, its impacts on Ireland, the options to respond to the challenges it poses, and the opportunities from transitions and transformations to a climate-neutral, climate-resilient and sustainable economy and society. This serves to complement and localise the global assessments undertaken by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports (see www.ipcc.ch). The findings presented build upon these global assessments and add important national and local context

Presumed resulting trusts, intention and declaration

Rejecting the competing positions of Swadling and Chambers, this article argues that the law of presumed resulting trusts reflects a very old rule that, upon a voluntary transfer, the fate of the beneficial interest in the property depends on the intention of the transferor. The case law shows that the presumption is of an intention to create a trust for the transferor or provider of the purchase money. It makes no difference if, reflecting the historically important concept of “retention”, this is phrased in negative terms as a presumption that the intention of the transferor was not to pass the beneficial interest to the transferee

AI-based task classification with pressure insoles for occupational safety

Pressure insoles allow for the collection of real time pressure data inside and outside a laboratory setting as they are non-intrusive and can be simply integrated into industrial environments for occupational health and safety monitoring purposes. Activity detection is important for the safety and wellbeing of workers, and the present study aims to employ pressure insoles to detect the type of industry-related task an individual is performing by using random forest, an artificial intelligence-based classification technique. Twenty subjects wore loadsol® pressure insoles and performed five specific tasks associated with a typical workflow: standing, walking, pick and place, assembly, and manual handling. For each activity, statistical and morphological features were extracted to create a training dataset. The classifier performed with an accuracy over 82%, using ten-fold cross-validation, for a time window of 5 seconds, showing the potential for task classification in edge-AI applications in smart manufacturing environments. A re-analysis focused on the five most influential features obtained 83% accuracy. The combination of random forest and in-depth feature analysis (SHAP) provided insights into the importance of features and the impact of their value on each task class. Such an understanding can aid in reducing misclassifications for health and safety purposes and can aid in the design of pressure insoles that are optimized for impactful features. The accuracy achieved is comparable to similar task classification studies but with the benefit of added explainability, which increases transparency and, thereby, trust in the classifier decisions

'So how should I presume?': Loan, resulting trust, or discharge of a prior obligation?

What does the law presume when it is proven simply that one person has made a payment of money to another? Surprisingly, there are three candidate answers to this question. First, a number of nineteenth-century authorities hold that ‘when money is paid by one man to another the legal presumption is that it was paid in discharge of some prior debt or obligation’. Secondly, both Professor James Penner and Professor William Swadling have recently argued that proof that one person made a payment or other transfer to another is sufficient to trigger the presumption of resulting trust. Finally, the rule in Seldon v Davidson [1968] 1 WLR 1083 suggests that, in the absence of any other evidence, the payment would be categorised as a loan and the recipient would be liable to repay the debt. Obviously, it would not be coherent for the law to presume three different things – discharge of a prior obligation, a resulting trust, a loan – on the same basic facts. This chapter attempts to reconcile the apparently competing approaches by showing that they do not, in fact, apply in the same scenario. It is argued that the presumption of discharge of a prior obligation is the one that applies where all that has been proven is that a payment has been made by one person to another. The presumption of resulting trust, notwithstanding the views of Professors Penner and Swadling, is not triggered unless, in addition to the fact that a payment has been made, the claimant shows that the transfer was ‘voluntary’, ie made without consideration. Similarly, the rule in Seldon v Davidson is not properly to be regarded as being triggered simply by the making of a payment but must be understood as applying only where the evidence and the pleadings have reduced the possibilities to a choice between ‘gift’ and ‘loan’ (in which case the rule dictates that a loan is presumed). Having made these distinctions, the chapter moves from the analytical to the normative and, by way of conclusion, consider briefly the merits of the three different rules in order to assess whether they represent an appropriate legal response in the circumstances in which they apply. It is concluded that both the presumption of resulting trust in the context of a voluntary transfer and the rule in Seldon v Davidson lack a convincing justification and should be discarded

The future of pharmacology education: A global outlook

Pharmacology educators play a unique role in higher education, at the intersection of basic biological, and clinical sciences. They teach a on wide range of courses including undergraduate and postgraduate medicine, pharmacy, nursing, dentistry, physiotherapy, osteopathy, veterinary science and biomedical science. Note that this is far from an exhaustive list. Significant changes have taken place in pharmacology education in response to advances in pharmacology, developments in educational approaches and learning technologies, changes in healthcare education delivery, and the massification and internationalization of higher education. These challenge the educator, whose role is increasingly recognized as encompassing teaching, leadership and scholarly activity. The future of pharmacology education depends on our ability to navigate these changes. We argue that there are sets of interrelated knowledge, skill, and attribute competencies that pharmacology educators must master to ultimately enable their students to succeed, discussed in detail in the following sections

Ambulation, severance, and the common intention constructive trust

Analyses the Supreme Court ruling in Jones v Kernott on whether the presumption that a separated unmarried couple, who had jointly owned their home, held beneficial interest in the property in equal shares could be displaced by evidence of their changed intention, so it was possible to find that they were now beneficial tenants in common in the proportions of nine to one under a common intention constructive trust. Argues that this reasoning is founded on the "ambulatory" potential of this trust, a notion derived from the House of Lords judgment in Stack v Dowden

Freedom of Association in Australia

Australia is an international outlier in relation to the legal protection of freedom of association. As one of the only countries in the world without a national bill of rights, freedom of association is legally protected and regulated in Australia principally by the common law and by statute, and only in an elliptical way by the national constitution. Much depends on cultural norms and historical traditions that undergird respect for freedom of association in Australian social and political life. Despite the lack of explicit constitutional protection, Australian citizens exercise and enjoy a comparably very high level of freedom of association. This raises questions about the importance of social, political and legal culture for the maintenance of human rights and the rule of law. In that context, this article begins by outlining how Australian common law affirms the right to free association as a background liberty, illustrating its application across several domains, including in relation to social and sporting clubs, trade unions and employers’ associations, charities and religious organisations, advocacy groups and political parties. The article then discusses the interaction between the national constitution and freedom of association, explaining why the constitution does not contain an express right to freedom of association, while also exploring the limited potential of the express constitutional right to freedom of religion (s 116) and the implied freedom of political communication to provide a degree of protection for religious and political associative rights. Finally, the article summarises the limited statutory protections accorded to freedom of association through human rights charters enacted in three subnational jurisdictions in Australia, juxtaposing these against national and state laws that regulate and constrain associational rights, particularly in the fields of electoral law, not-for-profit associations and charity law, employment relations, anti-terrorism laws and laws directed against organised crime and anti-discrimination law. To illustrate the important role of the common law and constitutional protection for associational freedom within Australia, three case studies are specifically addressed. These focus on the regulatory powers of the Commissioner of the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission at a federal level, the associations regulators at a state and territory level and on the limitations imposed upon advocacy by Australian charities. It is argued that Australia enjoys a comparably high level of freedom of association largely due to prevailing cultural beliefs and social practices in the country, supported by the common law’s traditional respect for freedom of association and a democratic system of open political contestation which enables civil society organisations to mobilise against proposals that would unreasonably curtail their freedoms. More research is needed that rigorously assesses the state of Australian law on the topic in comparison with other national regimes and against international human rights standards

Shakespeare and early modern Europe: A critical survey

This survey examines the history of criticism on Shakespeare and early modern Europe. With major sociopolitical European events in mind, the article reviews scholarship on this topic from the early twentieth century to the present day. Particular emphasis is placed on studies of Shakespeare’s own treatment of European characters and settings. The related topics of the changing meaning of “Europe” of Shakespeare’s European afterlives are also briefly discussed