Allemannsretten; Rettigheter, plikter og utfordringer

Dette kapitlet tar for seg allemannsretten1, et prinsipp som i utgangspunktet gir alle mennesker rett til å bruke norske utmarksområder – til vandring, kortere opphold, bær- og sopplukking – uavhengig av hvem som eier grunnen. Lova skal «verne friluftslivets naturgrunnlag og sikre allmennhetens rett til ferdsel, opphold m.v. i naturen, slik at muligheten til å utøve friluftsliv som en helsefremmende, trivselsskapende og miljøvennlig fritidsaktivitet bevares og fremmes», heter det i lovas § 1 (Friluftslova, 1957). De seinere åra har det vært en massiv vekst i antall mennesker som benytter denne friheten, både friluftslivet og den naturbaserte turismen er i vekst. Likevel mener folk f lest at allemannsretten må vernes – det er til og med foreslått at prinsippet tas inn i grunnlova. Allemannsretten kan betraktes som et fellesgode som samfunnet vårt hegner om.2 Historisk har retten representert en motvekt mot privat eiendomsrett. Prinsippet symboliserer et fellesskap, at utmarka (grunnen) der vi bor er noe vi disponerer sammen. Fellesskapsforvaltning foregår på mange samfunnsfelt. Lokalsamfunn og samfunnet som sådan utgjør fellesskap, og luft, vann og hav er fellesressurser som vi utnytter og forvalter sammen. Internett kan også betraktes som et felleseie. Men det er mange som benytter slike fellesskap til private formål slik vannkraft-, vindkraft- og fiskeoppdrettsselskapene gjør. Mye av det vi betrakter som felleseie kan nemlig stykkes opp, privatiseres og kommersialiseres. Det gjelder også områder som faller inn under allemannsretten. Etablering av skiresorter og utlegging av hyttefelt er eksempel på det

A global framework for integrating public health into well-being: why a public well-being system is needed

There is a growing focus on public health initiatives that prioritise well-being. The main question of our study is whether this, in its current form, can really represent a new response to the challenges of previous strategies, or whether there is a greater chance that it will essentially reproduce the problems associated with the paradoxical situation of public health.Based on a review, analysis and evaluation of the literature on well-being in public health, we outlined the foundations of a new meta-theory of well-being and a possibility for its social application. In our view, well-being is seen as a social representation of a combination of positive and negative freedom of choice concerning the quality of everyday life, used in a positioning process involving both individual and collective aspects. Health is a particular aspect of the social representation and positioning of well-being, which encompasses aspects of the physical, psychological, social and spiritual functioning of individuals.The well-being meta-theory also opens up the possibility for more effective solutions to the social challenges related to well-being and salutogenetic health. It underscores the importance of the need for a dedicated social subsystem where the goals and organizational culture of the organizations involved are focused on well-being and health promotion. In our study, we consider this to be the Public Well-being System (PWS).Our conclusion is that the development and operation of a new set of institutions -the Public Wellbeing System (PWS) -based on the co-production of services that meet the needs and demands of society, and dedicated to the promotion of well-being, may provide an opportunity to overcome the public health paradox

Morphological evidence supports splitting of species in the North Atlantic Sebastes spp. complex

The redfishes (genus Sebastes) are long-lived, commercial species in the North Atlantic. Excessive harvest through decades has led to a decline in the mature population of golden redfish (Sebastes norvegicus) in Norwegian waters, which is currently considered severely depleted. Accumulating genetic evidence suggests a more complex structure within this genus in the North Atlantic, which has recently inspired the hypotheses of cryptic species within S. norvegicus. Despite apparent genetic divergence between two types, they have yet to be verified morphologically. The morphology of genetically assigned fishes from Norwegian and Greenland waters was investigated using traditional morphometric methods, applying Linear Discriminant Analysis and Random Forest classification procedures to identify and evaluate the performance of descriptive characters. Combined with non-parametric meristic analysis, the results show that features such as beak length and eye diameter provide sufficient discrimination between the proposed cryptic species as well as separating them from the sympatric species S. mentella and S. viviparus. These findings support the presence of an additional redfish species in the North Atlantic, distinguishable both by morphological and genetic characters. This needs to be taken into consideration in future monitoring and management strategies for North Atlantic redfish

Changes in Planktic Foraminiferal Distribution, Productivity, and Preservation in the Barents Sea During the Last Three Millennia

Planktic foraminifers are ubiquitous marine calcifiers sensitive to ocean biogeochemical and physical changes. Their fossil remains have thus been widely used for the reconstruction of past oceanographic and climatic changes. Here, we have investigated the distribution patterns of planktic foraminiferal species, their abundance, shell size, and preservation state in two sediment cores from the northern and southern Barents Sea during the last three millennia and compared them with a living assemblage from the water column. The study area covers the cold Arctic zone in the north and the warm boreal zone in the south. In the north, we found very low to almost zero abundances of fossil planktic foraminifers, mainly since c. 1300 Common Era (C.E.), and dominance by the polar species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma. In the south, higher abundances were found, where the taxa was dominated by the subpolar species Turborotalita quinqueloba, Globigerinita uvula and Neogloboquadrina incompta. The highest foraminiferal concentrations occurred in the transition phases between cold and warm periods, with a rapid decrease in abundance during the last two hundred years coinciding with the Industrial Revolution. The lack of planktic foraminifers since c. 1300 C.E. in the north and the consistently low %CaCO3 are attributed to CaCO3 dissolution in the sediment, possibly driven by the decomposition of total organic matter as suggested by high %TOC, high surface productivity, and the presence of solely agglutinated benthic foraminifers. Dissolution of CaCO3 muted the signals of paleoproductivity and paleoclimate in the north, while the southern site showed clear variability throughout the investigated time interval

Building and sustaining therapeutic relationships across treatment settings: a qualitative study of how patients navigate the group dynamics of mental healthcare

Background - Therapeutic relationships are vital for patients with complex and long-term psychosocial needs, yet such patients often face fragmented and unstable relationships within mental healthcare. These patients are more often than others moved between treatment settings and caregiving teams. Statutory obligations strain the relationships with frequent hospitalizations adding to the burden This study explores how these patients perceive and navigate therapeutic relationships, highlighting both positive and negative experiences across various treatment settings. Methods - This is a qualitative study with a narrative approach utilizing in-depth interviews focusing on participants personal experiences and perceptions. We utilized purposive sampling to recruit patients with extensive hospitalization experience, operationalized as more than four admissions within one year or more than four successive weeks of hospitalization. Our sample consisted of 16 participants, twelve women and four men. The interviews were analyzed using a holistic-content approach. Results - We found that therapeutic relationships were built on healthcare professionals recognizing and addressing patients’ needs and advocating for their interests within the service system. Participants described therapeutic relationships as sources of collaboration, stability, and support but found them challenging to sustain due to fear of rejection and institutional barriers. Successful relationships worked as a vital buffer, offering protection against malpractices and depersonalized care. Conclusion - Therapeutic relationships play a crucial role in supporting patients with complex needs, but relational dilemmas and malignant group dynamics often impede their development. Mental healthcare services have an ethical responsibility to foster and maintain therapeutic environments and professional cultures that enable personalized care, while maintaining boundaries through reflective practices

Emotional and behavioral problems among school-going adolescents in different districts of Nepal: A cross-sectional study on prevalence, associated factors, cross-informant correlations, and impact of problems as perceived by the parents

Large-scale studies on adolescents’ emotional and behavioral problems (EBPs) are limited in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Nepal. This study aimed to narrow this knowledge gap. Data were collected from 64 schools in 16 districts across Nepal. Adolescents (N = 1904) aged 11-18 years completed the Nepali version of the Youth Self-Report (YSR). The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher Report Form (TRF) were utilized to compare self-reports with parent and teacher reports. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) - Impact Supplement was employed to assess parents' perception of adolescents' difficulties and the impact of problems across different castes and ethnic groups. Pearson's chi-squared test was utilized to analyze categorical data, analysis of variance (ANOVA) for between-group analyses, multiple regression analysis for associations between EBPs and background variables, Pearson's correlation to assess cross-informant agreement, and a mixed-model approach to address the hierarchical structure of data on parents' perceptions of difficulties and the impact of problems. The prevalence of self-reported EBPs was 14.2% and higher for internalizing problems than for externalizing problems. The mean Total Problems score was 39.27 (SD: 24.16) with no gender differences. Boys scored higher on Externalizing Problems, whereas girls scored higher on Internalizing Problems. Physical illness and negative/traumatic life events were positively correlated with EBPs, while academic performance was negatively correlated. Adolescents reported more problems than their parents and teachers. The cross-informant agreement was moderate to low. Discrepancies were influenced by gender, caste/ethnicity, family stress/conflicts, and academic performance. The effect of caste/ethnicity was significant for parent ratings on the CBCL Total Problems, but not for parents' perception of total difficulties and the impact of problems. The findings of the study underscore the need to address adolescent mental health in Nepal, using multiple perspectives in assessment and intervention, and considering cultural contexts.Større studier om ungdoms emosjonelle- og atferdsmessige problemer (EBPs) er få i lav- og middelinntektsland (LMICs), inkludert Nepal. Denne studien hadde som målsetting å minske dette kunnskapsgapet. Data ble samlet inn fra 64 skoler i 16 distrikter i Nepal. Ungdom (N=1904) i alderen 11-18 år fylte inn den nepalske versjonen av «Youth Self-Report» (YSR). «Child Behavior Checklist» (CBCL) og «Teacher Report Form» (TRF) ble brukt til å sammenlikne selvrapportering med rapporter fra foreldre og lærere. «Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)-Impact Supplement» ble brukt til å måle foreldres oppfatning av ungdommenes vansker og deres påvirkning på omgivelsene i ulike kaster og etniske grupper. Pearson chi-squared test ble brukt for å analysere kategoriske data, variansanalyse (ANOVA) for mellom-gruppe analyser, multippel regresjonsanalyse for assosiasjoner mellom EBPs og bakgrunnsvariabler, Pearson korrelasjon for å måle enighet mellom informanter, og en mixed-model tilnærming for å ta hensyn til den hierarktiske strukturen i dataene som omhandlet foreldres oppfatning av problemene og deres innvirkning på omgivelsene. Prevalensen av selvrapporterte EBPs var 14.2%, og høyere for internaliserende enn for eksternaliserende problemer. Den gjennomsnittlige Total Problemer skåren var 39.27 (SD: 24.16), uten kjønnsforskjeller. Guttene skåret høyest på Eksternaliserende Problemer mens jentene skåret høyest på Internaliserende Problemer. Fysisk sykdom og negative/traumatiske livsopplevelser var positivt korrelert med EBPs mens skoleprestasjoner var negativt korrelert. Ungdommene rapporterte mer problemer enn sine foreldre og lærere. Enigheten mellom de tre informantene var moderat til lav. Forskjellene ble påvirket av kjønn, kaste/etnisitet, familiestress/-konflikter og skoleprestasjoner. Effekten av kaste/etnisitet var signifikant i skåringer på CBCL- Totale Problemer, men ikke når det gjaldt foreldres oppfatning av totale vansker og innvirkningen på omgivelsene. Funnene i denne studien understreker behovet for å ta på alvor ungdommens psykiske helse i Nepal, ha flere perspektiver i utredning og behandling av problemene, og ta hensyn til forskjellige kulturelle kontekster

MRI in musculoskeletal inflammatory disease in children, with a focus on technique, standardisation and findings

Inflammatory musculoskeletal (MSK) diseases are common among children and adolescents, with early diagnosis and treatment crucial for long-term outcomes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a key tool in guiding treatment due to the challenges of clinical assessment of disease activity. However, there is a lack of validated, child-specific MRI tools for monitoring these diseases. This thesis aims to improve diagnostics and management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) by exploring various aspects of MR-imaging. The research is based on three cohorts: 75 children with CNO, most of whom underwent whole-body MRI; 60 patients with JIA who had targeted MRI of the hips; and 196 healthy children who had whole-body MRI for research. Findings showed that 80% of CNO patients experienced pain, often in the lower limbs, with a median of six affected sites on whole-body MRI. Raised inflammatory markers significantly predicted the number of involved sites. For JIA patients, a set of MRI markers for hips involvement was developed and validated, showing good intra- and interobserver agreement for grading inflammation and acetabular erosions. T2 Dixon fat-only images showed high agreement with T1-weighted images for bone marrow assessment in healthy children, suggesting that T2 Dixon fat-only could replace T1-weighted sequences, thereby reducing scan time

Towards an integrative morpho-molecular classification of the Lulworthiomycetidae

Source at https://www.mycosphere.org/.This study re-evaluates the classification of the Lulworthiomycetidae based on phylogenetic analyses of 18S, 28S and ITS (internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S) regions of rDNA and protein coding genes (TEF1α, RPB1, RPB2, TUB2, MCM7) along with comprehensive morphological comparisons. Based on the current phylogenetic data we consider the genus Spathulospora as a member of the Lulworthiales, Lulworthiomycetidae, and redundancy of the taxon Spathulosporales. This study confirms Lulworthia as polyphyletic with the characteristic filiform, long ascospores with an end chamber, which is found in many genera: Halazoon, Halophilomyces, Lulwoana, Lulwoidea, Matsusporium, Paralulworthia, Paramoleospora, Rostrupiella, and Sammeyersia. These genera can be distinguished by morphology, their asexual morphs and molecular phylogeny. The Lulworthiomycetidae includes 23 genera and 69 species. One new genus (Lindriella) and eight new species (Hydea mangrovei, Lulworthia norwegica, Matsusporium japonica, Moromyces mangrovis, Paralulworthia lignicola, Rostrupiella longispora, Sammeyersia yanbuensis, S. thailandica) are introduced, with four new combinations

X-linked hypophosphataemia

X-bundet hypofosfatemi er en sjelden genetisk sykdom som medfører fosfattap i nyrene, redusert mineralisering av tenner og skjelett, deformerte knokler og begrenset mobilitet. Dette har betydelige konsekvenser for helse og livskvalitet. Denne kliniske oversikten gjennomgår anbefalinger for diagnostisering, behandling og oppfølging av voksne med tilstanden

The Lyngen Magmatic Complex ophiolite: preservation of pre- and syn-collisional structures and implications for the nappe thrusting sequence in the Northern Norwegian Caledonides

The Lyngen Magmatic Complex (Northern Norway) marks a major discontinuity in the metamorphic gradient of the North Norwegian Caledonides nappe sequence. The Lyngen Magmatic Complex preserves pre- and syn-collisional structures and parageneses of the Caledonian orogeny. This study differentiates the two deformation events and offers a tectono-metamorphic model for the region, using a combination of field-based data, geochemical analysis, radiochronometric dating, and thermodynamic modelling. It is demonstrated that the precollisional event (D1) developed in a dextral strike-slip transpressional regime, generating Nsingle bondS-trending subvertical shear zones with subhorizontal shear displacement and steeply inclined isoclinal folding. The D1 metamorphic fabrics developed at 486 ± 9 Ma on a retrograde temperature-path, from amphibolite (680single bond800 °C, 0.5single bond0.9 GPa) to greenschist facies (300single bond450 °C, 0.3single bond0.75 GPa) conditions. The subsequent syn-collisional event (D2) produced a subhorizontal foliation, top-to-SE-directed thrust deformation at the base of the Lyngen Magmatic Complex. D2 rock fabrics represent typical nappe stacking structures during the Scandian collisional stage (∼430 Ma). The vertical D1 structures are overprinted by D2 fabrics in the thrust contact region only. Mineral assemblages crystallizing during D2 indicate a transition from lower amphibolite to greenschist conditions. Thermobarometry suggests significant re-heating after D1, with D2 maximum conditions ∼650 °C and 1.1 GPa at the base of the Lyngen Magmatic Complex and ∼558single bond610 °C and 0.8single bond1.3 GPa for the underlying graphite-bearing metasediments. Argon dating and the temperature difference between the Lyngen Magmatic Complex and the underlying units testify to out-of-sequence thrusting at 426 ± 7.5 Ma at the base of the Lyngen Magmatic Complex. The present results constrain the localization of the oceanic units of the North Norwegian Caledonides outboard and to the North of their present position. Consequently, stacking of uppermost units (likely of Laurentian origin) on top of the Lyngen Magmatic Complex occurred before their final emplacement onto the Reisa Nappe Complex (probably mostly Baltica-derived)