Institutional Research Information System University of Turin

Somenzari, Francesca

ISSN 2411-9598 (Print) ISSN 2411-4103 (Online) European Journal of  Language and Literature Studies September December 2019 Volume 5, Issue 3   25 Piero Gobetti and his Writings on International Politics in The 1920s   Francesca Somenzari   Abstract Università degli Studi di Torino Piero Gobetti (Turin 1901- Paris 1926) was not only one of the most important thinker and political writer of the Twentieth Century, but also one of the greatest organizers of culture: in his short life, he founded three journals (Energie Nove, Rivoluzione Liberale and Il Baretti) and a publishing house (Piero Gobetti Editore). Within his prodigious intellectual activity (obviously against Mussolini and what he represented), there was also room for reflection on the international politics of the 1920s. Gobetti’s attention to international politics was expressed first in Energie Nove and then in Rivoluzione Liberale, with projects of columns and unique numbers especially dedicated to some foreign countries1.  Keywords: Piero Gobetti, international politics  Introduction The main focus of many of Gobetti’s writings was the Versailles Conference together with the decisions it gave rise to: international issues were analyzed in the light of a perspective that explicitly rejects nationalism2. As Gobetti stated: “Versailles not only is not a peace, but it excludes peace”3.  The writer’s considerations and conclusions were strongly influenced by the thought of Gaetano Salvemini and- albeit to a lesser extent- seemed to refer to the Wilsonian teaching (despite the criticisms addressed to it at first).  Gobetti and Russia: among history, ecstatic contemplation and Liberalism In Energie Nove (1918-1920) and Rivoluzione Liberale (1922-1925), Piero Gobetti wrote several essays on Russia and in particular on the 1917 Revolution; Language, Literature and Leninism were the three Ls sparking Gobetti’s interest. Together with his wife, Ada, he began studying Russian with the aim of translating Andreiev’s works4; but ultimately, it is the phenomenon of the Bolshevik revolution that motivated Gobetti’s general passion for Russia.   In “Frammenti di estetismo politico” and “La Russia dei Soviet”, Gobetti presented the Revolution as one of those mythical and unrepeatable events that history offers only rarely: for this reason it had to be contemplated rather than judged. As he reported: The Russian Revolution is history, you must study it; it is a social phenomenon […]. You have before you a world of constant progress, and you looked for the scheme in which to enclose it […]. The Revolutions do not look at the past. They create and shape new realities. The government of Lenin  1 Two issues of Rivoluzione Liberale were devoted to Germany and Great Britain, respectively in January and March-April 1924. Regarding France, see N. Bobbio, F.S. Nitti et al., Piero Gobetti e la Francia. Atti del colloquio italo-francese, Franco Angeli, Milano, 1985. 2 See F. Somenzari (edited by), Piero Gobetti. Vita internazionale, Aras, Fano, 2017, pp. 17-22. 3 P. Gobetti, Il trionfo della democrazia, in “Rivoluzione Liberale” (from now on RL), II, n. 4, February 1st, 1923; the article is also included in P. Spriano (edited by), Scritti Politici, Einaudi, Torino, 1997, pp. 448-452. Original text: “Versailles non solo non è una pace, ma esclude la pace”. 4 Gobetti defined Leonid Andreiev “the greatest of contemporary Russian writers”. See P. Gobetti, Leonida Andreiev, in “Energie Nove” (from now on EN), II, n. 8, September 30, 1919.  Andreiev was defender of the revolution of 1905 and contrary to that of 1917, but above all he was against the excesses of Bolshevism. ISSN 2411-9598 (Print) ISSN 2411-4103 (Online) European Journal of  Language and Literature Studies September December 2019 Volume 5, Issue 3   26 and Trotzki is a de facto government. It is the will of Russia. A state organization and not a scientific investigation. Life and not the book1.  Gobetti stressed the importance of such a simple and fundamental concept: the Revolution is a fact and a new democracy is born. At first, he seemed to categorically reject any form of manipulation of the phenomenon, preferring a historical and objective interpretation to one of political expediency.  In Gobetti’s writings, Lenin and Trozki were called great statesmen who elevated Russia to the level of Western civilizations, facing dangerous government responsabilities2. And then:  They [Lenin e Trotzki ] are not only Bolsheviks; they are the men of action who have awakened a people and are recreating a soul for them3. The position taken by Gobetti led the communist Antonio Gramsci to write that Gobetti was a young men who had understood the greatness of the Revolution and its leaders”4. However, after this first contemplation of the phenomenon of the Russian Revolution, in 1921 Gobetti denied himself, by stating: Trotzki affirms a liberal5 view of history […]. Only for tactical necessities and for historical needs, the Revolution- full of Liberalism, in a country like Russia, home of the mir, worshiper of every form of community- must take the name and sometimes the appearance of socialist work […]. It is up to the historian to affirm the truth above political contingencies6. From the ascertainment of the extraordinary nature of the Revolution and from a gaze that wanted to be as objective as possible, Gobetti moved on to an extremely partial political interpretation, placing the Russian events into the riverbed of the liberalism current. According to Gobetti, Trotzki carried on (without knowing it) a liberal, non-socialist design.  In this case, Gobetti’s interpretation is neither shareable nor sustainable, but it is very interesting because it clearly demonstrates the non-systematic nature of his thinking7.  Gobetti and the United States of America  In Gobetti’s writings even the United States were taken into consideration and not by chance: the First World War brought about the entry of the United States themselves into European life and dynamics, especially at the end of the conflict. Although in the 1920s President Harding carried on the motto America first - the basis of a highly isolationist policy - the Wilsonian conception of Europe and international relations was destined to have a lasting echo in the Old Continent, even  1 P. Gobetti, Frammenti di estetismo politico, in EN, II, n. 10, November 30, 1919; the article is also included in P. Spriano (edited by), Scritti Politici cit., pp. 206-213. Original text: “La Rivoluzione Russa è storia, voi dovete studiarla; è un fenomeno sociale […]. Avete dinanzi un mondo in formazione, e voi cercato lo schema in cui rinchiuderlo […]. Le Rivoluzioni (e tutta la storia del resto) non guardano il passato. Creano e plasmano nuove realtà. Il governo di Lenin e Trotzki è un governo di fatto. E’ la volontà della Russia. Un’organizzazione statale e non un’indagine scientifica. La vita e non il libro”. 2 See P. Gobetti, La Russia dei Soviet, in “Volontà”, February 15, 1921; the article is also included in P. Spriano (edited by), Scritti politici cit., pp. 197- 206, p. 197.  3 P. Gobetti, Rassegna di questioni politiche, in EN, II, n. 6, July 25, 1919, pp. 132-139; the article is also included in P. Spriano (edited by), Scritti politici cit., p. 151. Original text: “Non sono solo dei bolscevichi, sono gli uomini d’azione che hanno destato un popolo e gli vanno ricreando un’anima”. 4 P. Gobetti, Paradosso sullo spirito russo, Einaudi, Torino, 1969, p. XXI. 5 In this case, the adjective “Liberal” has to be understood in its historical sense, that is “relative to the Liberal Party”. Today the term “Liberal” is used with the meaning of “progressive”. 6 P. Gobetti, Trotzki, in “Il resto del Carlino», April 5, 1921; the article is also included in P. Spriano (edited by), Scritti Politici cit., pp. 206-210. Original text: “Trotzki afferma una visione liberale della storia […] Soltanto per necessità tattiche e per esigenze storiche quest’opera [la rivoluzione] feconda di liberalismo, in un paese come la Russia, patria del mir, adoratrice di ogni forma di comunità, deve prendere il nome e talvolta anche le apparenze di opera socialista […]. Spetta allo storico affermare la verità al di sopra delle contingenze politiche”. 7 See P. Polito, L’eresia di Piero Gobetti, Raineri Vivaldelli, Torino, 2018. ISSN 2411-9598 (Print) ISSN 2411-4103 (Online) European Journal of  Language and Literature Studies September December 2019 Volume 5, Issue 3   27 by virtue of territorial changes which it produced at the Versailles Conference. The Fourteen Points and the birth of the League of Nations deeply engraved on the new European balance1.  In the above-mentioned journal “Energie Nove”, Gobetti focused on Wilsonism and the League of Nations; the writer’s judgment on this international organization (wanted by the Democratic President) was in some ways cautious and even a little suspicious: according to Gobetti, the League of Nations was characterized by excessive abstractness and a utopian vision that damaged its own work. So wrote Gobetti:  To correctly understand and evaluate everything that passes under the name of the League of Nations, we cannot stop at an examination of the potential abstract value of the idea, but we must immediately see its value in relation to social life, that is we must study in which practical forms it [the League] can be implemented 2. It was not only the idea itself relevant, but its practical implementation, its sustainability: “the politician feeds on reality”. The appeal to democracy as a pivot of peaceful coexistence and a guiding principle of international relations alone was not enough, beyond the morality that this internationalist project carried with it. On this point, Gobetti was very close to Salvemini’s position. Beyond the criticisms, in the pages of Gobetti there is however the recognition of the value of the New Diplomacy, that is of a vision that, in spite of its specific and contingent limits, will reveal itself in the long-term forward-looking.  A few years later, on the occasion of Wilson’s death, Gobetti wrote: To realize his greatness, the judgment must instead concern his American figure, in the history of America. His own election to the presidential seat is a solemn fact: as early as 1914 he had turmed out to be a great statesman. After the mediocrity of presidents like Taft or Roosevelt, the temper of a Lincoln emerges in Wilson3.  References [1] E. Alessandrone Perona, Le provocazioni della ricerca, in “Passato e Presente”, n. 97, 2016, pp. 103-120 [2] L. Beghin, Da Gobetti a Ginzburg. Diffusione e ricezione della cultura russa nella Torino del primo dopoguerra, Istituto storico belga di Roma, Roma-Bruxelles, 2007 [3] N. Bobbio, F.S. Nitti et al., Piero Gobetti e la Francia. Atti del colloquio italo-francese, Franco Angeli, Milano, 1985 [4] B. Bongiovanni, Da Marx alla catastrofe dei comunismi. Traiettorie e antinomie del socialismo, Unicopli, Milano, 2000 A. Cabella (edited by), Gobetti tra Riforma e rivoluzione, Franco Angeli, Milano, 1999 [5] M. Cattaruzza, L’Italia e la questione adriatica (1918-1926). Dibattiti parlamentari e panorama internazionale, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2014 [6] J. B. Duroselle, Da Wilson a Roosevelt. La politica estera degli Stati Uniti dal 1913 al 1945, Cappelli, Bologna, 1963  1 It’s essential to remember that, based on the principle of self-determination of peoples, the Austro-Hungarian Empire had disintegrated, giving rise to numerous national states; moreover, with respect to Italy, Wilson had taken a very tough position, denying it some strategic territories. See M. Cattaruzza, L’Italia e la questione adriatica (1918-1926). Dibattiti parlamentari e panorama internazionale, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2014. 2 P. Gobetti, La Società delle Nazioni, in EN, I, n. 5, January 1-15, 1919; the article is also included in P. Spriano (edited by), Scritti Politici cit., pp. 65-67. Original text: “Per intendere e valutare rettamente tutto ciò che passa sotto il nome di Società delle Nazioni, non ci possiamo fermare ad un esame del valore potenziale in astratto dell’idea, ma dobbiamo scendere subito a vederne il valore in relazione alla vita sociale, dobbiamo studiare cioè in quali forme pratiche essa si può attuare”. 3 P. Gobetti, Uomini e idee. Lo stile di Wilson, in RL, III, n. 7, February 12, 1924; the article is also included in P. Spriano (edited by), Scritti politici cit., pp. 591-593. Original text: “Per rendersi conto della sua grandezza il giudizio deve invece riguardare la sua figura di americano, nella storia dell’America. Già la sua elezione al seggio presidenziale è un fatto solenne: già nel 1914 si era rivelato un grande statista. Dopo la mediocrità di presidenti come Taft o Roosevelt, in Wilson si sente la tempra di un Lincoln”. ISSN 2411-9598 (Print) ISSN 2411-4103 (Online) European Journal of  Language and Literature Studies September December 2019 Volume 5, Issue 3   28 [7] L. Ginzburg, Gobetti e il significato della Rivoluzione Russa, in «Quaderni di giustizia e libertà», n. 5, dicembre 1932, pp. 88-92 [8] F.S. Nitti, La tragedia dell’Europa. Che farà l’America, Piero Gobetti Editore, Torino 1924 [9] F. S. Nitti, La Pace, Piero Gobetti Editore, Torino, 1925 [10] C. Panizza (edited by), L’autobiografia della nazione, Aras, Fano, 2016 [11] P. Polito, L’eresia di Piero Gobetti, Raineri Vivaldelli, Torino, 2018 [12] P. Polito, Il liberalismo di Piero Gobetti, Centro Studi Piero Gobetti, Torino, 2006 [13] P. Polito, La rivoluzione russa come una rivoluzione liberale, in «Critica liberale», n. 225, vol. XXII, 2015, pp. 180-182 [14] G. Salvemini, Dal Patto di Londra alla Pace di Roma. Documenti della politica che non fu fatta, Torino, 1925 [15] G. Scroccu (edited by), Piero Gobetti. La “rigenerazione” dell’Italia e la politica del primo dopoguerra: gli anni di Energie Nove, Biblion, Milano, 2014 [16] F. Somenzari (edited by), Piero Gobetti. Vita internazionale, Aras, Fano, 2017 [17] F. Somenzari, Wilson, l’internazionalismo e la nuova diplomazia: un quadro complesso tra fallimento momentaneo e valore duraturo, in «Scienze e Ricerche», n. 24, marzo 2016, pp. 16-20 [18] P. Spriano (edited by), Scritti Politici, Einaudi, Torino, 1997           

English

Piero Gobetti and his Writings on International Politics in the 1920s

Forastiere, F.

Lawlor, D. A.

Pizzi, C.

Porta, D.

Richiardi, L.

Association of Gestational Weight Gain With Adverse Maternal and Infant Outcomes

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Giusto, Gessica

Vercelli, Cristina

Comino, Francesco

Caramello, Vittorio

Tursi, Massimiliano

Gandini, Marco

A new, easy-to-make pectin-honey hydrogel enhances wound healing in rats

Gava, G.

Kant's Synthetic and Analytic Method in the Critique of Pure Reason and the Distinction between Philosophical and Mathematical Syntheses

Barge, Paolo

Biglia, Alessandro

Comba, Lorenzo

Gay, Paolo

RICAUDA AIMONINO, Davide

Tortia, Cristina

 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS   VOL. 58, 2017 A publication of  The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering Online at www.aidic.it/cet Guest Editors: Remigio Berruto, Pietro Catania, Mariangela ValloneCopyright © 2017, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l. ISBN 978-88-95608-52-5; ISSN 2283-9216 Temperature and Position Effect on Readability of Passive UHF RFID Labels for Beverage Packaging Paolo Barge*a, Alessandro Bigliaa, Lorenzo Combab, Paolo Gaya, Davide Ricauda Aimoninoa, Cristina Tortiaa aDI.S.A.F.A. – Università degli Studi di Torino, 2 Largo Paolo Braccini, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy   bDENERG – Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 10129 Torino, Italy paolo.barge@unito.it The radio frequency identification (RFID) of food items improves production process efficiency as well as optimises the management of the monitoring and the logistics along the production chain (Barge et al., 2014).  Moreover, interest in UHF RFID tags adoption is growing in particular applications such as anti-counterfeiting systems. The readability of passive UHF RFID tags is well known to be critical when applied to products at high water content. Nevertheless, the effect on readability of solutions of water and other organic (e.g. ethanol, sugars, organic acids) or inorganic (salts) compounds, which are typical of food and beverage composition, has not yet been studied. Furthermore, as in the case of beverages that must be chilled for their conservation (i.e. fruit juice, fresh milk and other pasteurised beverages), the temperature can compromise tag readability. RFID systems efficiency may also be affected by tag-to-reader antenna misalignment, which often occurs for cylindrical section containers. Experimentation has been conducted to evaluate the effect of temperature, different solute type and tag orientation on the readability of a commercial passive RFID UHF tag (Lab Id UH100) applied to a HDPE (High-density polyethylene) bottle. To compare readability, the minimum transmitted power output that allows the tag-backscattered signal (Pmin) to be acquired by the reader was measured in standard controlled conditions.  It was observed that solution temperature strongly affected the readability of passive UHF RFID labels. The correlation between temperature and readability was observed being positive or negative depending on the adopted solute type. In particular, an improvement in readability was detected for deionized water, sucrose and ethanol solutions when temperature was increased from 4°C to 25°C. Readability decreased for citric acid and NaCl solutions in the same temperature range. Reading performance was highly influenced by bottle rotation along the vertical axis, which caused both the misalignment of the tag-to-reader mutual orientation and the radio wave reflection and absorption phenomena due to the presence of the considered solutions in different positions. 1. Introduction The choice of integrating UHF passive identification systems to improve logistic and traceability is due to the long reading range and the possibility of detecting items without line of sight and even in dynamic conditions. However, while LF and HF frequency band have already been deployed in food and alive animal sectors (Barge et al., 2013a), UHF technology can be strongly limited by low performance due to the food item composition, and in particular by liquid products at high water content as beverage (Barge et al., 2013b). As dielectric properties of material surrounding the tag can modify electromagnetic waves propagation, the type of packaging and the distance among the liquid-filled packaging and the tag can strongly influence reading distance. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the reading performance of different tag models attached to bottles filled with solutions of pure substances chosen among those which are often encountered in food products (salt, organic acids, sugars and alcohol). The effect of other conditions (temperature and position) that can occur during the normal handling of liquid packed food and beverage in food processing and storage was further analysed.                                                                                          DOI: 10.3303/CET1758029                                                            Please cite this article as: Barge P., Biglia A., Comba L., Gay P., Ricauda D., Tortia C., 2017, Temperature and position effect on readability of passive uhf rfid labels for beverage packaging, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 58, 169-174  DOI: 10.3303/CET1758029 1692.Materials and methods The RFID test bench consisted of a commercial linear polarised UHF antenna (Caen RFID Wantenna X007, 8 dBi gain) connected to a Caen RFID R4300P ETSI standard compliant standalone reader. The RFID system operated at 866.6 MHz central frequency.  2.1 Temperature effect assessment test A label-type passive UHF tag (Class 1 Gen2 compliant) was used, which specifications are reported in Table 1 (tag B). Tags were attached on rectangular HDPE bottles (Figure 1A), each containing 500 ml of a pure chemical compound solution prepared in deionized water. HDPE flasks were used as its interaction with radio-frequency electromagnetic field can be neglected. Six different aqueous solutions were used in this trial: 0.15% and 2% NaCl, 1% sucrose, 2% citric acid and 4% ethanol. Pure deionized water was used as reference. Glass bottles were not considered in this study as this material has been proven to strongly affect readability (Expósito and Cuiñas, 2013). Table 1: Specifications of the passive UHF Class 1 Gen2 compliant tags. Tag  Commercial name Integrated circuit Nominal read chip sensitivity  Antenna size  width x length, mm Inlay shape A Dog Bone Impinj Monza 3 -15 dBm 93 x 23  B Lab ID UH100 Impinj Monza 4 -17.4 dBm 94 x 7.8  C Lab ID UH105 Impinj Monza 5 -20 dBm 91 x 18   The filled flask was then refrigerated to 3°C and placed at 0.5 m distance with the tag vertically aligned and centred with respect to the reader antenna to minimise polarisation and misalignment losses (Figure 1B).  Solution temperature was measured by a DeltaOhm HD9215 digital thermometer. The test was performed outdoor to minimise possible electromagnetic wave reflections caused by the presence of metal objects in the working environment. A white polystyrene box was used to cover the bottle to avoid any effect of direct sunlight on the tag that can interfere with its optimal operation. The polystyrene box also allowed to minimize the heating of the solution due to the sunlight exposition.  RFID reader was controlled by a custom C# software that allowed tag interrogations at increasing carrier wave power levels, in the range from 0 to 2000 mW, until tag identification. RF attenuators (3, 10 and 20 dB) were used to maintain measurements in the reader operating range. The minimum reader Transmitter Power Output (TPO) that enabled a valid tag response was measured and indicated as Pmin (mW). Tag was considered unreadable for a real system implementation when identification        A B C Figure 1: A – Rectangular HDPE bottle used for tag B temperature effect assessment; B – RFID system setup for temperature effect assessment; C – Circular HDPE bottle used for position effect assessment with tag C. 170did not occur within the 2000 mW TPO maximum power. Three consecutive measures were repeated and results were expressed as the mean of the measurements. The trial was carried out until the aqueous solution reached the environmental temperature. 2.2 Position effect assessment test Specifications of the three tags used for the assessment of the effect of position on Pmin are reported in Table 1. Tags were stuck on a circular HDPE bottle (Figure 1C) containing 0.15% NaCl solutions in deionized water. Temperature of the aqueous solutions was maintained constant at 21°C. The bottle was initially placed in the same position adopted for the temperature effect assessment test. Pmin of the tag attached to the flask was then measured after a rotation step of 10 degrees around the bottle vertical axis, in the range 0-360°. The trial was carried out in outdoor conditions and the direct sunlight exposure was avoided by means of a covering by a white polystyrene box, which also allowed to maintain the temperature of the solution relatively constant during the test run. 3. Results 3.1 Temperature effect The effect on Pmin of pure deionized water and 1% sucrose solutions is depicted in Figure 2, while the cases of the 2% citric acid and 4% ethanol solutions are reported in Figure 3.  In the case of pure deionized water (Figure 2), temperature increase seems to lead to a quite constant Pmin reduction in the temperature range 4 – 29°C as well as in presence of 1% sucrose, even if in the latter case the Pmin value is in general slightly higher. These results confirm data presented in a previous work using a similar tag (Barge et al., 2016) where sucrose concentrations solutions up to 5% were observed to give no considerable effect on Pmin. Similarly, in the case of 4% ethanol aqueous solution, the temperature increase improves tag readability (Pmin decreases, Figure 3). On the contrary, Pmin grows at increasing temperature in the case of 2% citric acid aqueous solution (from 125 mW at 5°C up to 162 mW at 23°C). The results of Pmin assessment for tag B when the bottle was filled with 0.15% or 2% NaCl solutions are depicted in Figure 4. Both temperature as well as NaCl solution concentration affect tag B functioning (Figure 4) and power has to be significantly increased to read correctly the tag at a higher NaCl concentration. At 0.15% NaCl, Pmin is quite constant (about 105 mW) when temperature is in the range 4 – 20°C and then sharp increases, reaching 143 mW at 25°C. In the case of 2% NaCl solution, Pmin is always higher and the curve is similar, but the inflection point is left shifted of about 10°C. These results could be ascribed to the influence of solution with different electrical conductivity on tag readability as already found by Barge et al., 2016. In fact, sucrose and ethanol have a low electrical conductivity which is similar to deionized-grade laboratory water, while citric acid aqueous solutions contain low electrolytes that slightly affects tag readability. This was found also by Potyrailo  et al. (2012) who employed RFID sensors for milk spoilage detection exploiting the effect on readability of the lactic acid produced by bacteria.This effect is clear for NaCl solutions where dissolved charged ions dissipate part of the power of the electric wave which impinges on the tag, reducing reading range. This is confirmed by the enhancement of the requested power for tag activation at higher temperature.  Figure 2: Temperature effect on Pmin (mW) of tag B (UH100) stuck on HDPE bottle filled with pure deionized water and 1% sucrose aqueous solution. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 4 9 14 19 24 29 Pmin (mW) Temperature (°C) Sucrose 1% Deionized water 171 Figure 3: Temperature effect on Pmin (mW) of tag B (UH100) stuck on HDPE bottle filled with 2% citric acid and 4% ethanol aqueous solutions  Figure 4: Temperature effect on Pmin (mW) of tag B (UH100) stuck on HDPE bottle filled with two NaCl aqueous solutions concentration.  3.2 Position effect When the tag is applied to an empty flask (e.g. tag C in Figure 5), the power requested for tag activation is very low (1.4 mW) and, as can be seen in the graph, the orientation does not affect readability when the bottle is rotated. On the contrary, in critical conditions as with the bottle filled with a 0.15% solution of NaCl, the shape of the reading zone of the tag due to rotation of HDPE did not result symmetrical. The shape of the graph appears to be very similar for all the studied tags, even if the size is different. This area, characterized by two clearly visible lobes and a minimum value of the Pmin in the rear position (180° rotation), is probably due to the asymmetry of the tag antenna shape. In the case of UH100 (tag B), Pmin value is higher than 2000 mW in the range 80-140° and 240-290° of rotation and therefore the tag is technically not readable. On the contrary, Dog Bone (tag A) results to be readable in any position, with a minimum Pmin value when the bottle is at 180° and a maximum at 110°. Also tag C (UH105) is readable in any position with respect to the reader antenna, but the overall Pmin values are considerably lower and then it appears to be the easier readable tag.  20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 4 9 14 19 24 29 Pmin (mW) Temperature (°C) Citric acid 2% Ethanol 4% 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 4 9 14 19 24 29 Pmin (mW) Temperature (°C) NaCl 2% NaCl 0.15% 172Figure 5: Position effect on Pmin of tag A (Dog Bone), tag B (UH100) and tag C (UH105) stuck on circular HDPE bottle containing 0.15% NaCl aqueous solutions or void. 4. Conclusions For packed items which contain food at high NaCl content, like salty liquids and brine, radio frequency identification resulted unsuitable as the readability of the attached tags is strongly impaired. This is particularly true for devices operating in UHF band. An improper tag positioning can also give rise to very critical reading conditions, leading to complete inability of tag detection by actual commercial UHF RFID systems. This problem can be solved e.g. using tag at high sensitivity that require a lower RF power to obtain a correct identification and/or positioning the packed item in a more favourable orientation (Barge et al., 2017).  The presence of other organic compounds dissolved in water (sucrose, ethanol) had not a strong effect on tag readability at the considered concentration. Nevertheless, among organic substances, dissolved week acid molecules impaired RFID functioning, especially at room temperature. During the handling of the product to be identified the best positioning of items should be adopted avoiding orientation which can limit electromagnetic coupling in sub-optimal reading conditions. In this paper some recommendations for tag orientation on packed liquid products were presented. 173Further work is envisageable to assess the effect on readability of other tag models when attached to packed water solutions of other compounds typical of food composition at different concentrations. The effect on tag readability of acqueous solutions of mixtures of different chemical compounds should also be considered. Moreover, it could be interesting to determine the effect of temperatures above those of room environment. Reference  Barge P., Gay P., Merlino V., Tortia C., 2013a, Radio frequency identification technologies for livestock management and meat supply chain traceability. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, vol. 93(1), p. 23-33, ISSN: 0008-3984, doi: 10.4141/cjas2012-029 Barge P., Gay P., Merlino V., Tortia C., 2013b, UHF-RFID solutions for logistics units management in the food supply chain, Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 44, 292-296, doi: 10.4081/jae.2013.(s1):e59.  Barge P., Gay P., Merlino V., Tortia C., 2014, Item-level Radio-Frequency IDentification for the traceability of food products: application on a dairy product, Journal of Food Engineering, 125, 119-130, 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.10.019 Barge P., Comba L., Gay P., Ricauda Aimonino D., Tortia C., 2016, Effect of different chemical compounds concentration in aqueous solution on UHF-RFID readability. Proceedings of CIGR-AgEng Conference: “Automation, Environment and Food Safety”, June. 26–29, 2016, Aarhus, Denmark.  Barge P., Gay P., Merlino V., Tortia C., 2017, Passive ultra high frequency radio frequency identification systems for single-item identification in food supply chains, Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 48, 28-35, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2017.584. Expósito I. & and Cuiñas I., 2013. Exploring the Limitations on RFID Technology in Traceability Systems at Beverage Factories. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation., doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/916526. Potyrailo R.A., Nagraj N., Tang Z., Mondello F.J., Surman C., Morris W., 2012. Battery-free radio frequency identification (RFID) sensors for food quality and safety. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(35):8535-43. doi: 10.1021/jf302416y.  174

Temperature and position effect on readability of passive UHF RFID labels for beverage packaging

Barbero, Carola

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University of Turin

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