Innovation and Development in Agriculture and Food

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    Reusing data for development: Lessons learned from an agricultural observatory in Madagascar

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    We examine the issue of data reuse to bridge the data gap needed for advancing agricultural and rural development in Africa. We present the contributions of an observatory project in Madagascar—a low-income country with weak statistical capacity—and the lessons learned regarding its feasibility, challenges, and relevance. We argue that leveraging existing data to foster sustainable development in a key sector such as agriculture is achievable and depends largely on promoting collaborative academics and public-private partnerships

    Status of Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz (Malpighiaceae). A review

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    Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz (Malpighiaceae) is a perennial woody vine originating from the Indochinese rainforest. The vine is invasive in the majority of areas where it has been introduced and is a major biological concern, recognized by the IUCN as one of the 100 most invasive species in the world. Invasions of H. benghalensis cause severe negative impacts on the biodiversity of the areas it colonizes, particularly the Mascarene Islands, which are among the world's top biodiver- sity hotspots. Current management strategies, which include herbicides and mechanical control, are not sustainable and alternatives are urgently needed. This review aims to summarize the existing knowledge on H. benghalensis, covering aspects such as taxonomy, description, origin and geographical distribution, biology, ecology, associated habitats and biocenosis, economic importance and management. This essential information will help inform the development of a classical biological control program to assist in the management of the plant

    Linking effect traits of soil fauna to processes of organic mattertransformation

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    Soil organic matter (SOM) transformation processes are regulated by the activities of plants, microbes, and fauna. Compared with plants and microbes, effects of soil fauna are less understood because of their high taxonomic and functional diversity, and mix of direct and indirect effect mechanisms. Trait-based approaches offer a generic perspective to quantify mechanistic relationships between soil fauna and SOM transformations, including decomposition, translocation, and stabilisation of organic carbon. Yet, at present, we lack a consensus concerning relevant key effect traits of soil fauna (i.e. those affecting ecosystem functioning). Here, we address this knowledge gap by focusing on relationships between soil fauna effect traits and SOM transformations. Based on existing literature, we identify key processes linked to SOM transformations, and fauna effect traits universally applicable across taxa and soil types, and discuss the process-trait links. We define eight SOM transformation processes that are directly affected by soil fauna: (i) litter mass loss, (ii) litter fragmentation, (iii) SOM aggregation in faeces, (iv) SOM aggregation in soil mineral particles, (v) decomposition of faeces, (vi) SOM and mineral translocation, (vii) pore space creation and maintenance and (viii) SOM stabilisation. We link these processes to general effect traits classified into four categories: (a) food selection and ingestion, (b), digestion and excretion, (c) mobility, and (d) body mass and metabolic rate. We also propose proxies when effect trait measurements are laborious. The proposed links between effect traits and SOM transformation processes need to be validated in targeted experiments. We urge researchers to obtain quantitative experimental data, together with metabolic approaches, to integratively quantify soil fauna contributions to soil functioning

    Management of fruit fly damage via mango harvest timing optimization: a modelling approach

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    Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are considered major pests of mango (Mangifera indica) worldwide. Their management, with an increasing focus on replacing synthetic pesticides with alternative eco-friendly methods, is a challenging issue. A new fruit fly species, the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), recently invaded Reunion Island, further increasing fruit fly incidence on mango crops, which were so far mainly infested by the peach fruit fly Bactrocera zonata (Saunders). Field studies have shown that fruit fly damages can be reduced by adjusting the harvest date, as fruit fly infestation increases with fruit maturity. At the same time, the harvest date is an important factor in determining the shelf life of stored fruit and the quality of fully ripened fruits ready for consumption. For example, harvesting mangoes too early can reduce their quality. A modelling approach was developed to optimize harvest timing with the dual objectives of improving fruit quality and reducing fruit fly damage. To do this, a fruit fly-mango modelling framework was developed by coupling a model that predicts the probability of a fruit being infested by fruit flies as a function of fruit maturity, with ecophysiological and empirical models that predict the growth and maturity of fruit on the tree and the quality (Brix) of stored fruit when ripe. Using the model, we virtually investigated the effect of harvest date and frequency, which alter fruit maturity at harvest, on fruit fresh mass, fruit quality and fruit infestation by fruit fly. The simulation results show that by harvesting the fruit at an earlier stage of maturity, such as the green mature stage, it is possible to greatly reduce the risk of mango infestation while ensuring that fruit fresh mass and quality are only minimally affected

    Global camel milk industry: A comprehensive overview of production, consumption trends, market evolution, and value chain efficiency

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    The global camel population is steadily increasing, with a notable increase in the proportion of camels specifically raised for milk production. This rise is mainly attributed to the surge in demand for camel milk, driven by its distinctive nutritional benefits and recognized health effects. However, studying the global dairy camel sector can provide valuable insights into the development of successful and modernized camel dairy industries, highlighting key strategies for scaling production, improving quality standards, and expanding market reach. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the global evolution of the dairy camel sector. It begins with an analysis of current production levels, consumption patterns, and a detailed examination of camel milk markets and value chain dynamics. Additionally, the camel milk industry faces currently critical barriers related to food hygiene, and limited government support, which hinder quality control and market growth. To address these challenges, a number of potential solutions were proposed such as the implementation of solar-powered cold chains, the necessity for effective training in hygiene and food safety for producers, and the need for investment in infrastructure and climate resilience in order to guarantee the long-term sustainability of the camel milk sector. Hence, this review is supposed to fill the current scarcity of information regarding the status and ongoing developments in the camel milk market, with a particular emphasis on the constraints limiting its growth. By addressing this gap, it seeks to serve as valuable groundwork for producers, industry stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers, thus fostering the development of the camel milk sector

    Improvement of iron and β-Carotene bioaccessibility in complementary foods: Biofortification of local crops With organic residual products and microorganisms

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    Micronutrient deficiencies remain a great public health challenge worldwide with iron, zinc, and vitamin A being the most problematic. It has been shown that biofortification through agronomic strategies can increase their micronutrient content, but data on the bioavailability remain limited. In Senegal, consumption of cereals and legumes is high, and orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP), rich in β-carotene, has been introduced a decade ago. The objective of the present work was to assess the bioaccessibility of iron, zinc, and β-carotene in local complementary foods prepared with millet, cowpea, and OFSP alone or in combination, produced using different agronomic biofortification strategies. Organic residual products were used alone or in combination with microorganisms to produce the abovementioned crops that were used to prepare the complementary foods. Static in vitro digestion was performed to assess the bioaccessibility of the micronutrients, according to a harmonized protocol. The two organic residual products had different effect, as the cow dung alone was inefficient to increase iron and zinc contents as well as their bioaccessibility in millet porridges. However, the use of poultry litter alone or in combination with microorganisms increased iron bioaccessibility in cooked cowpea (27%–29%) compared to the non-biofortified counterpart (9%). Surprisingly, bioaccessible β-carotene was significantly higher (4.1%) in sample of mashed OFSP biofortified with the combination of the different agronomic strategies than in the others (1.4%–2.5%). Portions (150 g) of porridge prepared from the three biofortified crops would cover up to 100% of the daily vitamin A requirements of children aged 6–23 months. The use of a combination the most promising varieties of crops, together with the agronomic strategies, would be a complementary approach to sustainability limit micronutrient deficiencies in a context of monotonous diets

    Les consommateurs : frein ou levier pour le développement d'une filière ovine en zone contaminée par le chlordécone en Guadeloupe ?

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    En Guadeloupe, un tiers des sols a été durablement contaminé par un pesticide organochloré, le chlordécone, suite à son utilisation contre le charançon noir du bananier (Cosmopolite sordidus) jusqu'au début des années 1990. Cette contamination des sols a en retour impacté différents maillons de la chaîne alimentaire et notamment les animaux d'élevage qui se contaminent en ingérant des particules de sol ou du fourrage contaminé lors du pâturage, mais aussi en ingérant de l'eau contaminée ; ils ne sont alors plus commercialisables si la limite maximale de résidu en chlordécone est atteinte. Les possibilités de diversification des systèmes de production via l'élevage ou plus récemment de contrôle de l'enherbement par les ovins, notamment dans les bananeraies, sont alors fortement contraintes. Des travaux ont démontré qu'il était possible de décontaminer les animaux via une production hors sol. Mais la perception du consommateur vis-à-vis de cette viande issue de la décontamination reste inconnue et soulève la question de l'acceptation dans le cas où ce type de filière viendrait à se développer. Pour répondre à cette problématique, un questionnaire auprès de 309 consommateurs a été réalisé. Les résultats montrent que les consommateurs seraient prêts à consommer une viande ovine décontaminée, mais qu'il existe une défiance vis à vis des structures en charge du contrôle à l'abattoir

    Dépenses 2017-2022 du Cirad pour la publication d'articles en libre accès : rapport d'étude

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    La présente étude, réalisée par la Délégation à l'information scientifique et technique (Dist) du Cirad à la demande de la direction du département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Persyst) vise à dresser le bilan des dépenses du Cirad réalisées entre 2017 et 2022 pour la publication d'articles en libre accès dans des revues d'éditeurs, en distinguant les éditeurs de confiance des éditeurs prédateurs. L'objectif est de rendre compte des pratiques des scientifiques du Cirad en matière de publication payante d'articles en libre accès, d'évaluer les tendances et de tirer les leçons institutionnelles de ce modèle économique basé sur les frais particuliers que sont les APC (Article Processing Charges) demandés par des éditeurs pour la publication d'articles en libre accès. Chaque année depuis 2016, le consortium national Couperin recueille pour le compte du ministère français de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (Mesr) les données des dépenses de publication scientifique des établissements français. A partir des données collectées et vérifiées, le consortium participe à leur diffusion via la plateforme publique OpenAPC à visée mondiale. La méthodologie proposée par Couperin s'appuie sur l'analyse des données extraites des systèmes comptables des établissements. La compilation des données et leur consolidation sont réalisées par Couperin en relation avec les établissements. Pour le Cirad, la Dist assure l'interface avec Couperin, elle définit et met en oeuvre les modalités de collecte, de contrôle, d'analyse et de restitution des données. Sur la période 2017-2022, les résultats obtenus révèlent que le Cirad aurait dépensé 676 910 € de frais APC pour la publication de 404 articles en libre accès. Cela représente une dépense moyenne en APC de 112 818 € par an et de 1 676 € par article. Avec 113 329 € et 66 articles d'auteurs Cirad, Springer Nature est l'éditeur chez lequel le Cirad a dépensé le plus d'APC pour le plus grand nombre d'articles (66 articles) sur la période. Frontiers Media SA occupe le 2e rang en dépenses APC (110 099 €) et le 4e rang en nombre d'articles (56 articles). MDPI AG arrive au 3e rang des dépenses APC (92 210 €) mais au 2e rang du nombre d'articles publiés (63 articles). MDPI AG est l'éditeur pour lequel les dépenses APC du Cirad ont augmenté chaque année depuis 2017. Frontiers in Plant Science (51 639 €) et PLOS One (39 370 €) sont les revues pour lesquelles le Cirad a le plus dépensé en APC pour publier des articles en libre accès. Parmi les 31 éditeurs chez lesquels le Cirad a réalisé des dépenses APC entre 2017 et 2022, huit éditeurs peuvent être considérés comme prédateurs. Ils représentent 31% des APC payés par l'établissement et 32% des articles d'auteurs Cirad payés pour être publiés en libre accès. A partir de 2020, les dépenses APC et le nombre d'articles du Cirad payés pour être publiés en libre accès chez les éditeurs prédateurs augmentent. Un glissement des pratiques de publication d'auteurs Cirad semble ainsi s'opérer et se renforcer au profit d'éditeurs prédateurs et au détriment des éditeurs de confiance. Bien que la qualité des données soit conditionnée à l'utilisation adéquate de la nomenclature achats du Cirad, on voit déjà que l'ensemble de ces observations appelle à se saisir collectivement de la question de la politique institutionnelle de publication et notamment des choix éthiques qui la gouvernent et l'animent. Ceci afin que la quantité et la facilité de publication offertes par certains éditeurs ne se subrogent pas à l'exigence de qualité et au respect de l'intégrité scientifique qui s'imposent à toute institution de recherche

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